Utilization for industrial and other purposes, irrigation

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Industrial Uses

The share of Industrial Sector is limited to 2 per cent of the surface water utilisation and 5 per cent of the ground-water. Rough estimates indicate that the present water use in the industrial sector is of the order of 15 km3 . The water use by thermal and nuclear power Plants with installed capacities of 40,000 MW and 1500 MW respectively, is estimated to be about 19 km3 . The industries are needed to be switched over to water efficient technologies.

By 2050, India expects to be a major industrial power in the world. https://exam.pscnotes.com/industry”>Industry needs water fresh or recycled. Processing industries depend on abundance of water. It is estimated that 64 cubic km of water will be needed by 2050 A.D. to sustain the industries. Thermal power generation needs water including a small part that is consumptive. Taking into account the electric power scenario in 2050 A.D., energy related requirement (Evaporation and consumptive use) is estimated at 150 cubic km.

With the advent of Globalization and Privatization ,industrial activities water demands share of water is changing rapidly. In addition increase in Population and rapid Urbanisation also put an additional demand on Resources“>Water Resources.

Water treatment plants for all industries emanating polluted water is the need of the hour.

Domestic Uses

The share of domestic sector is higher (9 per cent) in surface water utilisation as compared to groundwater.The National Water Policy has assigned the highest priority for drinking water supply needs followed by Irrigation, hydro-power, Navigation and industrial and other uses.

Million Development Goals target to halve the proportion of people without sustainable access to Safe drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015. The indicators of progress towards this target are;

1) proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved drinking water source (urban and rural);

2) proportion of population with access to improved sanitation.

It is estimated that by 2050, water requirements per year for domestic use will be 90 km3 for low demand scenario and 111 km3 for high demand scenario. It is expected that about 70% of urban water requirement and 30% of rural water requirement will be met by surface water sources and the remaining from groundwater.

Irrigation is needed because of spatio-temporal variability in rainfall in the country. The large tracts of the country are deficient in rainfall and are drought prone. North-western India and Deccan plateau constitute such areas. Winter and summer seasons are more or less dry in most part of the country. Hence, it is difficult to practise Agriculture-notes-for-state-psc-exams”>Agriculture without assured irrigation during dry seasons.

After independence, the Government of India gave high priority to the construction of major irrigation related Infrastructure. At present, India has a capacity to store about 200 billion cubic meters of water, a gross irrigated area of about 90 million hectares 2 and an installed hydro-power capacity of about 30,000 megawatts (World Bank, 2005)

Expansion of Irrigation facilities, along with consolidation of the existing systems, has been the main part of the strategy for increasing production of food grains. With sustained and systematic development of irrigation, the irrigation potential through major, medium and minor irrigation projects has increased from 22.6 million hectares (mha.) in 1951, when the process of planning began in India, to about 98.84 mha. at the end of the year 2004-05.

Landforms

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Three Geological divisions:

  1. The peninsular block
  2. The Himalayas and other Peninsular Mountains
  3. Indo-Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain

 

  • Peninsualar block is made of gneisses (metamorphic) and granites (igneous).

Six physiographic divisions:

  1. The Northern and North-eastern Mountains
  2. The Northern Plain
  3. The Peninsular Plateau
  4. The Indian Desert
  5. The Coastal Plains
  6. The Islands

Northern and North-Eastern Mountains

Approximate length of the Great Himalayan range: 2500 KM. Width: 160-400 KM

Impact of Himalayas on the Climate of India?

It can be divided into five sub-divisions:

  1. Kashmir (or Northwestern) Himalayas
  2. Himachal and Uttaranchal Himalayas
  3. Darjeeling and https://exam.pscnotes.com/sikkim”>Sikkim Himalayas
  4. Arunachal Himalayas
  5. Eastern Hills and Mountains

Kashmir Himalayas

  • Ranges: Karakoram, Ladhakh, Zaskar, Pir Pinjal
  • Glaciers: Baltoro, Siachen
  • Passes: Zoji La (Great Himalayas), Banihal (Pir Pinjal), Photu La (Zaskar) and Khardung La (Ladakh)
  • Lakes: (freshwater) Dal and Wular; (saltwater) Pangong Tso and Tso Moriri
  • Pilgrimage: Vaishno Devi, Amarnath cave, Charar-e-Sharif
  • They are also famous for Karewa formations which are useful for the cultivation of Zafran (a local variety of Saffron). Karewas are the thick deposits of glacial clay and other materials embedded with moraines.
  • Kashmir is located on the banks of Jhelum river.
  • Meanders is a typical feature associated with the rivers in this region.
  • In South, there are longitudinal valleys called duns; Jammu dun and Pathankot dun

 

Himachal and Uttarakhand Himalayas

  • Lies between rivers Ravi and Kali
  • Drained by two major river systems: Indus and Ganga
  • Northernmost part is an extension of the Ladakh desert, lies in Spiti.
  • Ranges: Great Himalayan Range, Lesser Himalayas (Dhaoladhar in HP and Nagtibha in Uttarakhand), Shivalik range
  • Pilgrimage: Gangotri, Yamunotri, Kedarnath, Badrinath, Hemkund Sahib and the five famous prayags (Refer to Panch Prayag)
  • Famous for hill stations: Dharamshala, Mussoorie, Shimla, Kaosani; Cantt.: Kasauli, Almora, Lansdowne, Ranikhet
  • The important distinguishing features of this area are the ‘Shivalik’ and ‘Dun formations’.
  • Important duns: Chandigarh-Kalka, Nalagarh, Dehra, Harike, Kota
  • Dehradun is the largest of all duns: Length – 35-45 KM, Width: 22-25 KM
  • Inhabited with the Bhotia They migrate to higher reaches (Bugyals) in summer and return to the valleys during winters.

 

Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas

  • Between Nepal Himalayas and Bhutan Himalayas.
  • Fast flowing rivers such as Tista
  • Peaks: Kanchenjunga
  • Tribe: Lepcha
  • Has a mixed Population of Nepalis, Bengalis and tribals from Central India.
  • Importance: Due to the moderate slope, it is best suited for tea plantations. <India produces about 26 pc of tea in the world; second after China. Also, accounts for 12 pc of tea exports; fourth in the world.>
  • Duar formations are peculiar to this region.

 

Arunachal Himalayas

  • From Bhutan Himalayas to Diphu pass in the east.
  • Direction: Southwest to Northeast
  • Peaks: Kangtu and Namya Barwa
  • Rivers: Brahmaputra, Kameng, Subansiri, Dihang, Dibang and Lohit.
  • These rivers are perennial and have the highest hydro-electric power potential in the country.
  • Tribes: Monpa, Daffla, Abor, Mishmi, Nishi and Nagas
  • These communities practice shifting cultivation known as Jhumming.

 

Eastern Hills and Mountains

  • Direction: North to South
  • Ranges: Patkai Bum, Naga hills, Manipur hills, Mizo or Lushai hills
  • These are low hills
  • Tribes practice Jhum cultivation
  • Rivers: Barak. Most of the Nagaland rivers form a tributary of Brahmaputra. Rivers in eastern Manipur are the tributaries of Chindwin, which in turn is a tributary of the Irrawady of Myanmar.
  • Lake: Loktak
  • Loktak Lake: is an important lake in Manipur which is surrounded by mountains on all sides. It is the largest freshwater lake in northeastern India. Also called the only Floating Lake in the world due to floating masses of organic matter on it. It serves as a source for hydropower generation, Irrigation and drinking water supply.
  • Keibul Kamjao National Park located in the Bishnupur district of Manipur is the only floating park in the world and is an integral part of the Loktak Lake. Home to the endangered Manipur Eld’s Deer or Brow-antlered Deer or Sangai or Dancing Deer.
  • Mizoram is also known as the ‘Molassis basin’ which is made up of soft unconsolidated deposits.

The Northern Plains

  • Formed by the alluvial deposits of rivers – Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra.
  • Length: 3200 KM; Width: 150-300 KM

Three main zones:

  1. Bhabar
  2. Tarai
  3. Alluvial Plains (Khadar and Bangar)

Bhabar

  • Narrow belt. 8-10 KM wide.
  • Paralllel to Shivalik at the break-up of the slope. Hence, streams and rivers deposit heavy rocks (and at times disappear) in this zone.

Tarai

  • South of Bhabar. 10-20 KM wide.
  • Rivers re-emerge and create marshy and swampy conditions known as Tarai.

Alluvial Belt

  • South of Tarai.
  • Features of mature stage of fluvial erosional and depositional Landforms such as sand bars, meanders, ox-bow lakes and braided channels. Riverine islands in Brahmaputra.
  • Brahmaputra takes a turn an almost 90 degree turn at Dhubri (Assam) before entering Bangladesh.

 

Peninsular Plateau

  • Bounded by the Delhi ridge, Rajmahal Hills, Gir range and Cardamom hills.
  • Made up of a series of patland plateaus: Hazaribagh, Palamu, Ranchi, Malwa, Coimbatore, Karnataka etc.
  • One of the oldest and most stable landmass of India.
  • Physiographic Features: Tors, Block Mountains, rift valleys, spurs, bare rocky structures, hummocky hills and quartzite dykes offering natural sites for water storage.
  • Black Soil in western and northwestern parts.
  • Bhima fault in this region has frequent seismic activity (Lathur earthquake)
  • NW part also has ravines and gorges: Chambal, Bhind and Morena.

Three broad regions:

  1. Deccan Plateau
  2. Central Highlands
  3. Northwestern Plateau

Deccan Plateau

  • Bordered by Eastern Ghats, Satpura, Maikal range and Mahadeo hills
  • Important ranges: WG: Sahyadri, Nilgiri, Anaimalai and Caradamom hills; EG: Javadi hills, Palconda range, Nallamala Hills, Mahendragiri hills
  • EG and WG meet at Nilgiri hills.
  • Highest peak: Anaimudi (2695 m) on Anaimalai hills; Dodabetta (2637 m) on Nilgiri hills.
  • Rivers: Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri etc.

Central Highlands

  • Bounded by the Aravali and Satpura range.
  • Relic mountains, highly denuded and form discontinuous ranges.
  • Near Jaisalmer it is covered by the longitudinal sand ridges and crescent-shaped sand dunes called barchans.
  • Elevation: 700-1000 m
  • Banas, a tributary of Chambal, originates in the Aravalli. Other tributaries of Yamuna originate from the Vindhyan and Kaimur ranges.
  • Minerals in Chotanagpur plateau.

 

Northeastern Plateau

  • Extension of the main Peninsular plateau.
  • Meghalaya and Karbi Anglong plateau.
  • Megahalaya plateau: Garo hills, Khasi hills and Jaintia hills (named after the tribals inhabiting the region)
  • Rich in minerals like coal, iron, sillimanite, limestone and uranium.
  • Receives maximum rainfall from SW monsoon. Hence, Meghalaya plateau has a highly eroded surface. Cherrapuni and Myswarnam.

 

Indian Desert

  • Aka Marusthali
  • Northwest of the Aravali hills
  • Dotted with longitudinal dunes and barchans.
  • Low rainfall: >150 mm per year Low vegetation cover
  • Evidence that this area was under the sea during the Mesozoic era.
  • Features: Mushroom Rocks, shifting dunes and oasis.
  • Rivers are ephemeral: Luni. Brackish lakes. Inland drainage.

 

Coastal Plains

Two divisions:

  1. Western coastal plains
  2. Eastern Coastal Plains

Western Coastal Plains

  • Submerged coastal plain. Hence, a narrow belt. Narrow in middle and broader towards north and south.
  • Ports: Provides natural conditions for the development of ports and harbours due to submergence. Kandla, Mazagaon (Mumbai), JLN port Navha Sheva, Maramagao, Mangalore, Cochin etc.
  • Mumbai has the world’s largest natural harbour.
  • May be divided into: Kachchh and Kathiawar coast in Gujarat, Konkan coast, Goan coast and Malabar coast.
  • Rivers don’t form delta.
  • Kayals (Backwaters): Found in the Malabar coast. Used for fishing and inland Navigation. Every year Nehru Trophy Vallamkali (boat race) is held in Punnamada Kayal in Kerala.

 

Eastern Coastal Plains

  • Broader
  • Emergent coast. Hence, less number of ports and harbours. Chennai, Vizag, Paradwip, Haldia.
  • Delta formation

The Islands

Two major Divisions:

  1. Andaman and Nicobar
  2. Lakshwadeep & Minicoy

 

Andaman and Nicobar

  • Two major island groups: Ritchie’s archipelago and the Labrynth island.
  • The group is divided into: Andaman in the North and Nicobar in the South.
  • Andaman and Nicobar separated by the Ten Degree channel.
  • Barren Island
  • Peaks: Saddle Peak (N.Andaman – 738 m), Mt. Diavolo (Middle Andaman – 515 m), Mt. Koyob (S Andaman – 460 m) and Mt. Thuiller (Great Nicobar – 642 m)
  • Coral deposits found
  • Convectional rainfalls and equatorial type of vegetation.

Lakshadweep and Minicoy

  • Entire group built of coral deposits.
  • Total of 36 islands of which 11 are inhabited.
  • Smallest UT
  • Minicoy is the largest island
  • Separated by the 9 Degree Channel, north of which is the Amini Island and to the south Canannore island.
  • These islands have storm beaches consisting of unconsolidated pebbles, shingles, cobbles and boulders.

 

 

Types of Soil

1. Alluvial Soils 22 Most fertile, Sandy loam in texture,
Rich in Potash, Phosphoric Acid, Lime & Organic matter
Deficient in Nitrogen & Humus
2. Regur/Black Soils 30 Also classified as Chernozem. Clay content 50%
Rich in iron, lime & Aluminium
Poor in Nitrogen, Phosphorus & organic content
3. Red & Yellow Soils 28 Known as omnibus group.
Rich in oxides of iron
Poor in Nitrogen, Phosphorus & Humus
4. Laterite Soils 2.62 Not very fertile. Typical of tropical region with heavy rainfall
Rich in iron oxide & potash
Poor in nitrogen, phosphate & calcium
5. Arid Soils 6.13 Rich in phosphate
Poor in Nitrogen & humus
6. Saline Soils 1.29 Known as Usara, Reh or Kallar
Contain a large proportion of Sodium, Potassium & Magnesium
Poor in Nitrogen & Calcium
7. Peaty & Organic 2.17 Normally heavy & black in colour. Highly acidic.
Rich in organic matter
Poor in phosphate & potash
8. Forest Soils 7.94 Acidic with low humus content
Poor in potash, phosphorus & lime
Sobriquets
1. Bolton of the east Ahmedabad
2. Manchester of South India Coimbatore
3. Granary of South India Thanjavur

 

 

 

 

 

National Parks of India
1. Wandur National Park Andaman & Nicobar
2. Kaziranga National Park Assam
3. Manas National Park Assam
4. Palamau National Park Jharkhand
5. Hazaribagh National Park Jharkhand (Rhinoceros)
6. Dachigam National Park J & K – Kashmir Stag (Hangul)
7. Hemis National Park J & K
8. Kishtwar National Park J & K
9. Silent Valley National Park Kerala
10. Eravikulam National Park Kerala
11. Bandhavgarh National Park M.P.
12. Kanha National Park M.P.
13. Madhav National Park M.P.
14. Pench National Park M.P.
15. Shivpuri National Park M.P. – Birds
16. Indravati National Park Chhattisgarh
17. Keoladeo National Park Rajasthan
18. Ranthambore National Park Rajasthan
19. Desert National Park Rajasthan
20. Sariska National Park Rajasthan
21. Namdapha National Park Arunachal Pradesh
22. Marine National Park Gujarat
23. Pin Valley National Park Himachal Pradesh

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

24. Bandipur National Park Karnataka
25. Nagarhole National Park Karnataka
26. Bannerghatta National Park Karnataka
27. Tadoba National Park Maharashtra
28. Boriveli National Park Maharashtra (or Sanjay Gandhi National Park)
29. Balpakram National Park Meghalaya
30. Nokrek National Park Meghalaya
31. Nandan Kanan National Park Orissa
32. Chandka Elephant Reserve Orissa
33. Simlipal Tiger Reserve Orissa
34. Corbett National Park Uttaranchal
35. Rajaji National Park Uttaranchal
36. Valley of Flower N. Park Uttaranchal
37. Nandadevi National Park Uttaranchal
38. Dudhwa National Park U.P.
39. Govind National Park U.P.

 

Wildlife Sanctuaries of India

1. Pakhal Wildlife Sanctuary Andhra Pradesh
2. Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary Tamil Nadu
3. Srisailam Wildlife Sanctuary Andhra Pradesh
4. Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary Assam
5. Kaimur wildlife Sanctuary Bihar (largest)
6. Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary Karnataka
7. Periyar Wildlife sanctuary Kerala
8. National Chambal Wildlife Sanctuary M.P., U.P & Rajasthan
9. Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary Maharashtra (Ahmednagar)
10. Gomardha Wildlife Sanctuary Chhattisgarh
11. Harike Headworks Punjab
12. Jaldapara Wildlife sanctuary West Bengal
13. Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary Haryana
14. Raganathittu Wildlife Sanctuary Karnataka
15. Madumalai Sanctuary Tamil Nadu
16. Pulicat Sanctuary Andhra Pradesh
17. Chandraprabha Wildlife Sanctuary U.P (Varanasi)
18. Ranganthitoo Bird Sanctury Karnataka
19. Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu

 

 

Breeds of Cattle
1. Cow Gir, Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Deoni (Andhra Pr.), Nagori, Rathi, Siri, Malvi,
Tharparkar. Exotic breeds – Holstein, Friesian, Jersey, Brown Swiss.
2. Buffalo Murrah, Bhadawari, Nagpuri, Mehsana, Jaffrabadi, Surti, Nali-Ravi.
3. Sheep Jaisalmeri, Pugal, Bikaneri, Marwari, Kathiawari.
4. Goats Jamnapuri, Barbari

 

High Yielding Varieties of Seed

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. Wheat Kalyan Sona, Sonalika, Arjun, Lerma, Sharbati Sonora, WL series.
2. Rice Padma, Jaya, IR-8, Hamsa, Krishna, Cauvery, Annapurna
3. Maize Ganga-101, Deccan Hybrid
4. Jowar CSV-1 to CSV-7
5. Ragi Sharda
6. Cotton V-797, Hybrid 4,5, Digvijay, Varalaxmi, Sanjay, Deviraj, Virnar.

 

Roads, Railways & Waterways in India

1. National Highways 67700 Km Broad Guage 46800 km
2. State Highways 137000 Km Meter Guage 13000 km
3. District Roads 12 Lakh Km Narrow Guage 3100 km
4. Village Roads 15 Lakh Km Total RAILWAY guage 63200 km
5. Border Roads 30,000 Km No of Trains 13500
6. Total Roads 33 Lakh Km No of Stations 7100
7. Total Waterways 14500 Km Electrified route 28%

 

National Waterways

1. National Waterways-1 Allahabad-Haldia stretch of the Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hoogly system
2. National Waterways-2 Sadiya-Dhubri stretch of the Brahmaputra system
3. National Waterways-3 The west coast canal from Kottapuram to Kollam along with the
Udyogmandal & Champakar canals (All in Kerala).

 

Indian Railways, Headquarters
1. Nothern Raiway Delhi
2. Southern Railway Chennai
3. Eastern Raiway Kolkata
4. Western Railway Mumbai (Churchgate)
5. North-Western Railway Jaipur
6. North-Central Railway Allahabad
7. North-Eastern Railway Gorakhpur
8. North-East Frontier Railway Guwahati
9. East Coast Railway Bhubaneshwar
10. East Central Railway Hazipur
11. West Central Railway Jabalpur
12. Central Railway Mumbai (V.T)
13. South-Central Railway Secundarabad
14. South Eastern Railway Kolkata
15. South-Western Railway Bangalore
16. South-East Central Railway Bilaspur
India Pipelines
1. Naharkatiya Oilfield in Assam to Barauni refinery in Bihar via Noonmati – First pipeline
2. Barauni-Kanpur pipeline for transport of refined petroleum
3. Haldia-Maurgram-Rajbandh pipeline
4. Ankleshwar oilfield to Koyali refinery in Gujarat
5. Mumbai High Koyali pipeline
6. Hajira-Bijapur-Jagdishpur (HBJ) pipeline (1750 km). Extended from Bijapur to Dadri in U.P.

 

 

 

 

 

7. Kandla to Luni in U.P via Delhi for LPG transport (1250 Km)
Airways-Internatioanal Airports
1. Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (Sahar)
2. Delhi Indira Gandhi International Airport
3. Chennai Anna International Airport (Meenambakam)
4. Kolkata Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport
5. Ahmedabad Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel International Airport
6. Amritsar Raja Sansi Airport
7. Bangalore Needumbassery International Airport
8. Goa Dabolim International Airport
9. Guwahati Lokapriya Gopinat Bardoli International Airport
10. Hyderabad Rajiv Gandhi International Airport
11. Thiruvananthapuram Trivandrum International Airport
12. Kochi Nedumbassery International Airport.
India’s Foreign Trade
1. Petroleum, Oil, Lubricants (POL) 27 % 1. Gems & Jewellery 17 %
2. Pearls & Precious stones 9 % 2. Readymade Garments 13 %
3. Gold & Silver 8.5 % 3. Chemicals 11 %
4. Capital Goods 12 % 4. Cotton Textile 8 %
5. Electronic goods 9 % 5. Machine & Transport 6 %
6. Chemicals 7 % 6. Agricultural Exports 13.5 %
7. Edible Oils 3 % 7.
8. Coke, Coal & briquettes 2 % 8.

Fish & Fish products lead agricultural exports accounting for 3.1 % of the total value.

India’s major trading partners

1. USA 11.6 %
2. UAE 5.0 %
3. China 5 .0%
4. UK 4.4 %
5. Belgium 4.1 %
6. Germany 3.9 %
7. Japan 3.1 %
8. Switzerland 2.7 %
9. Hongkong 3.4 %
10. Singapore 3.0 %

 

 

Cities located on Rivers

City River State
Agra Yamuna UP
Badrinath Alaknanda Uttranchal
Cuttack Mahanadi Orissa
Dibrugarh Brahmaputra Assam
Ferozpur Sutlej Punjab

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Guwahati Brahmaputra Assam
Hyderabad Musi AP
Jabalpur Narmada MP
Kanpur Ganga UP
Kota Chambal Rajasthan
Lucknow Gomti UP
Ludhiana Sutlej Punjab
Nasik Godavari Maharashtra
Pandharpur Bhima Maharashtra
Patna Ganga Bihar
Sambalpur Mahanadi Orissa
Srinagar Jhelum J&K
Surat Tapti Gujarat
Tiruchirapalli Cauvery Tamil Nadu
Varanasi Ganga UP
Vijaywada Krishna AP

 

Industries of India
1. Iron & Steel IISCO has 3 Plants at Kulti, Hirapur & Burnpur. Visvesvaraya Iron & Steel
Co is located on the bank of Bhadravati river in Karnataka.
Hindustan Steel Limited (HSL) at Bhilai, Durgapur & Bokaro.
2. Cotton Textile 4% of GDP. 3.5 Crore population employed.
3. Sugar Industry
4. Aluminum HINDALCO (Renukoot), INDAL (Alupuram, Hirakud, Belgaum), Madras
Industry Aluminium Company (MALCO, Mettur), BALCO (Korba), NALCO
(Koraput)
5. Copper Smelting HCL is the main player & operates Khetri copper complex, Indian copper
complex (Ghatsila, Jharkhand), Malanjkhand copper project (Balghat,
M.P.), Taloja copper project (Raigad, Maharashtra).
6. Jute Textile Centers are Titagarh, budge-budge, Haora, Rishra, Serampore,
Bhadreshware, Shyamnagar.
7. Silk Textile Its varieties are Mulberry (88%), Eri (9%), Tassar (2%), Muga (1%)
8. Woolen Textile Punjab, Maharashtra & U.P account for 75% production. Dhariwal is most
important centre. Others are Amritsar, Ludhiana, Kharar.
9. Heavy Industry Heavy Engineering Corp Ltd (Ranchi), Tungabhadra Steel Products Ltd
(Karnataka), Bharat heavy plates & Vessels (Vishakhapatnam)
Mining & allied machinery corporation (Durgapur).
10. Machine Tools HMT (Bangalore, Pinjore in Haryana, Kalamassery in Kerala, Hyderabad,
Ajmer & Sri Nagar), Heavy Machine Tools (Ranchi), Machine Tools Corp
of India (Ajmer), National Instruments Factory at Kolkata.
11. Automobiles TELCO in Mumbai, Ashok Leyland in Chennai, Bajaj Tempo (Pune).
Defense vehicles are produced at Jabalpur.
12. Pesticides Hindustan Insecticides Ltd (Delhi, Kerala & Rasayani, Maharashtra)
Hindustan Organic Chemicals Ltd (Rasayani, Raigad & Kochi)
13. Cement Industry Top manufacturing states are M.P, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pr & Raj. Jamul
is largest plant of M.P. & Sawai Madhopur leads in Rajasthan
14. Leather Industry India is 3rd largest player after Italy & U.S.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

15. Glass Industry Bahjoi & Naini (Both in U.P.) are famous for glass sheets & Firozabad for
bangles.
16. Paper Industry Rajmundhry (Andhra Pr), Ballarpur (Maharshtra), Titagarh (Bengal)
Bhadravati, Dandeli (Karnataka), Hoshangabad (M.P)
17. Liquor Industry U.P. has more than 50% installed capacity. Maharashtra, A.P are others.
18. Aircraft industry Important centres are Hal-Bangalore, Lucknow, Hyderabad, Others are
Koraput (Orissa) & Nasik.
19. Railway Chittaranjan Locomotive works (Electric engines) – West Bengal
Equipments Diesel Locomotive works – Varanasi
Integral Coach Factory – Perambur, Tamil Nadu
Rail Coach Factory – Kapurthala, Punjab.
Diesel Componets Works – Patiala
Railway wheels & Axels – Yalahanka (Banalore) & Durgapur.
20. Ship Building Hindustan Shipyard (Vishakhapatnam), Garden-Reach Shipbuilders
(Kolkata), Mazagaon Dock (Mumbai), Goa Shipyard (Vasco).
21. Pharmaceuticals IDPL – Rhishikesh, Hyderabad, Gurgaon, Chennai, Muzzafarpur
Hindustan Antibiotics Ltd – Pimpri, Pune – first public sector undertaking
in this industry
22. Zinc & Lead Hindustan Zinc Ltd at Debari, Rajasthan (both zinc & lead)
23. Fertilizers Fci-Sindri
Industry National Fertilizers Limited – Nangal
Hindustan Fertilizer Corp Ltd- Namrup (Assam), Durgapur.
Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Ltd – Trombay, Thal
Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, U.P & Maharashtra are the 4 largest in order.
24. Heavy Electricals BHEL (Bhopal, Tiruchirapalli, Ramchandrapuram in A.P, Jammu,
Bangalore, Hardwar). Ms ABL at Durgapur.
Hindustan Cables Factory (Rupnarainpur, Bengal), Indian Telephone
industries (Bangalore), Bharat Electronics (Bangalore),
Electronics corporation of India (Hyderabad)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Industrial Regions of India
4. Mumbai-Pune rgion Tata hydel stations at Khopali, Bhivpuri, Bhira & koyna
Solapur, Satara, Sangli & Ahmednagar
5. Hugli Industrial Belt From Naihati to Budge-Budge along left bank & Tribeni to
Nalpur along right bank. Other centres are Serampur, Rishra,
Shibpur, Kakinara, Shamnagar, Titagarh, Sodepur, Bansbaria,
Belgurriah, Triveni, Belur.

 

 

 

 

6. Bangalore-Tamil Nadu Pykara project supplies electricity. Salem, Madurai,
Tiruchirapalli, Mettur, Mysore, Mandya.
7. Ahmedabad-Vadodara Dhuvaran Thermal power station, Uttaran gas power station,
Ukai hydro project. Koyali, Anand, Khera, Surendranagar,
Rajkot, Surat, Valsad, Jamnagar
8. Chhotanagpur Region Chaibasa, Dhanbad, Sindri, Hazaribagh, Asansol, Durgapur,
Dalmianagar, Ranchi, Daltonganj.
9. Gurgaon Delhi Meerut Faridabad, Modinagar, Ambala, Agra, Mathura
Six Largest National Highways
National Highway Route Lengh Km
NH 7 Varanasi-Kanyakumari 2369
NH 6 Kolkata & Dhule via Raipur, Nagpur. 1932
NH 5 Baharagora-Chennai 1533
NH 2 Delhi-Kolkata 1490
NH 8 Delhi-Mumbai 1428
NH 17 Panvel-Edapally (Karnataka) 1270
Important National Highways
NH-1 Delhi to Amritsar via Ambala & Jallandhar 456
NH-1A Jallandhar & Uri via Jammu, Srinagar & Baramula
NH 22 Ambala to Shipkila on Indo china border 460
NH 28 A Pipra to Nepal border 68
NH 35 Barasat-Bongaigaon-Indo Bangladesh border 61
NH 39 Numaligarh-Indo Burma border. 436
NH 3 Agra to Mumbai via Gwalior
NH 4 Chennai with Thane
Important Industrial Centers of India
1. Ferozabad Glass Bangles
2. Mirzapur Pottery
3. Jaipur Gems Industry
4. Trivandrum Wood Carving
5. Kadi Mineral Oil
6. Korba Aluminium
7. Bhatinda Fertilizers

 

 

 

 

 

 

Racial Profile of India
1. Negritos Only on Andamans & Nicobar
2. Proto-Australoid Includes Tribal group of central & southern India. Veddahs,
Maleveddahs, Irulas, Sholgas considere true representative.
3. Mongoloids Garo, Khasi, Jaintia, Lipchas, Chakmas, Murmis, Naga & Dafla
4. Mediterranean Divided into: Palaeo-Mediterranean (or Dravidians) inhabiting

 

 

 

 

southern parts of India & True Mediterranean inhabiting northern &
western part of the country.
5. Brachycephals Characterized by broad heads. Coorgis & Parsis are representative.
They are divided into Alpinoids, Dinarics & Armenoids
6. Nordics/Indo-Aryans Inhabit parts of north India. They are mostly represented among the
upper castes in northern India esp in Punjab

 

Demographic Profile of India

 

S. Parameter Top in Parameter Bottom in Parameter
1. Population U.P, Maharasthra, Bihar, W. Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal
(1027 million) Bengal & Andhra Pr. Pradesh & Goa
Delhi (UTs) Lakshadweep (UT)
2. Population Density West Bengal (904), Bihar (880), Arunachal Pr (13), Mizoram,
(324 per/Sq km) Kerala, U.P, Punjab. Sikkim
Delhi Andaman & Nicobar.
3. Popln Growth Nagaland (64%), Sikkim Kerala (9.4%)
4. Growth Urban population Arunachal Pradesh Kerala
Dadra & Nagar haveli
5. Growth rural population Nagaland Tamil Nadu
6. Proportion of Urban Populn Goa (50%) Arunachal Pradesh (5%)
Dadra & Nagar Haveli
7. Average size of Villages Kerala (~15000 people) Arunachal (~200)
8. Sex Ratio (933) Kerala (1058) Haryana (861), Punjab &
Pondicherry Sikkim
Daman & Diu
9. Death Rate Orissa Kerala (6 per thousand)
10. Infant Mortality Rate Orissa Kerala
11. Literacy Kerala (91%), Mizoram, Goa, Bihar (47%), Jharkhand,
Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh J&K, Arunachal Pr, U.P.
Lakshadweep (UT) Dadra & Nagar Haveli (UT)

 

 

 

 

 

 

Indus Valley Civilization

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Indus Valley Civilization was the first major civilization in south Asia, which spread across a vast area of land in present day India and Pakistan (around 12 lakh sq.km). The time period of mature Indus Valley Civilization is estimated between BC. 2700- BC.1900 i.e. for 800 years. But early Indus Valley Civilization had existed even before BC.2700.

 

Features of Indus Valley Civilization

  • 2700- BC.1900 i.e. for 800 years.
  • On the valleys of river Indus.
  • Also known as Harappan Civilization.
  • Beginning of city life.
  • Harappan Sites discovered by – Dayaram Sahni (1921) – Montgomori district, Punjab, Pakistan.
  • Mohenjo-Daro discovered by – R. D. Banerji – Larkana district, Sind, Pakistan.
  • City was divided into Citadel (west) and Lower Town(east).
  • Red https://exam.pscnotes.com/pottery”>Pottery painted with designs in black.
  • Stone weights, seals, special beads, copper tools, long stone blades etc.
  • Copper, bronze, silver, gold present.
  • Artificially produced – Faience.
  • Specialists for handicrafts.
  • Import of raw materials.
  • Plough was used.
  • Bodies were buried in wooden coffins, but during the later stages ‘H symmetry culture’ evolved where bodies were buried in painted burial urns.
  • Sugar cane not cultivated, horse, iron not used.

 

 

Indus Valley Sites and Specialties

Harappa

  • Seals out of stones
  • Citadel outside on banks of river Ravi

Mohenjodaro

  • Great Bath, Great Granary, Dancing Girl, Man with Beard, Cotton, Assembly hall
  • Term means ” Mount of the dead”
  • On the bank of river Indus
  • Believed to have been destructed by flood or invasion (Destruction was not gradual).

Chanhudaro

  • Bank of Indus River. – discovered by Gopal Majumdar and Mackey (1931)
  • Pre-harappan culture – Jhangar Culture and Jhukar Culture
  • Only cite without citadel.

Kalibangan

  • At Rajastan on the banks of river Ghaggar, discovered by A.Ghosh (1953)
  • Fire Altars
  • Bones of camel
  • Evidence of furrows
  • Horse remains ( even though Indus valley people didn’t use horses).
  • Known as third capital of Indus Empire.

Lothal

  • At Gujarat near Bhogava river, discovered by S.R. Rao (1957)
  • Fire Altars
  • Beside the tributary of Sabarmati
  • Store house
  • Dockyard and earliest port
  • double burial
  • Rice husk
  • House had front entrance (exception).

Ropar

  • Punjab, on the banks of river Sutlej. Discovered by Y.D Sharma (1955)
  • Dog buried with humans.

 

Banawali

  • Haryana
  • On banks of lost river Saraswathi
  • Barley Cultivation.

 

Dholavira

  • Biggest site in India, until the discovery of Rakhigarhi.
  • Located in Khadir Beyt, Rann of Kutch, Gujarat. Discovered by J.P Joshi/Rabindra Singh (1990)
  • 3 parts + large open area for ceremonies
  • Large letters of the Harappan script (sign boards).

Religion of Indus Valley People

  • Pashupathi Mahadev (Proto Siva)
  • Mother goddess
  • Nature/ Animal worship
  • Unicorn, Dove, Peepal Tree, Fire
  • Amulets
  • Idol worship was practiced ( not a feature of Aryans)
  • Did not construct temples.
  • Similarity to Hindu religious practices. (Hinduism in its present form originated later)
  • No Caste system.

Indus Valley Society and Culture

  • Systematic method of weights and measures ( 16 and its multiples).
  • Pictographic Script, Boustrophedon script – Deciphering efforts by I. Mahadevan
  • Equal status to men and Women
  • Economic Inequality, not an egalitarian society
  • Textiles – Spinning and weaving
  • 3 types – burial, cremation and post cremation were there, though burial was common.
  • Majority of people Proto-australoids and Mediterraneans (Dravidians), though Mongoloids, Nordics etc were present in the city culture.

 

Artifacts for Posterity

The most numerous of the surviving artifacts are a series of steatite (soapstone) seals, of which the best known are those of the Humped Brahmani Bull and Pashupati. Apart from this, there are some carved figurines – the bronze Dancing Girl and the statues of a priest and a male torso, again in steatite.

Reasons for Decline of Indus Valley Civilization

Though there are various theories, the exact reason is still unknown. As per a recent study by IIT Kharagpur and Archaeological Survey of India, a weaker monsoon might have been the cause of decline of Indus Valley Civilization. Environmental changes, coupled with loss of power of rulers (central administration) of Indus valley to sustain the city life might be the cause (Fariservis Theory). There might be resource shortage to sustain the Population, and then people moved towards south India. Another theory by Dr Gwen Robbins Schug states that inter-personal violence, infectious diseases and Climate-change”>Climate Change had played a major role in the demise of the Indus Valley Civilization

The Gupta Empire

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The Gupta Empire stretched across northern, central and parts of southern India between c. 320 and 550 CE. The period is noted for its achievements in the arts, architecture, sciences, religion, and Philosophy. Chandragupta I (320 – 335 CE) started a rapid expansion of the Gupta Empire and soon established himself as the first sovereign ruler of the empire. It marked the end of 500 hundred years of domination of the provincial powers and resulting disquiet that began with the fall of the Mauryas. Even more importantly, it began a period of overall prosperity and Growth that continued for the next two and half centuries which came to be known as a “Golden Age” in India’s HISTORY. But the seed of the empire was sown at least two generations earlier than this when Srigupta, then only a regional monarch, set off the glory days of this mighty dynasty in circa 240 CE.

GUPTA PERIOD – EARLY DAYS TO THE ZENITH

Not much is known about the early days of this Gupta dynasty. The travel diaries and writings of Buddhist monks who frequented this part of the world are the most trustworthy sources of information we have about those days. The travelogues of Fa Hien (Faxian, circa 337 – 422 CE), https://exam.pscnotes.com/hiuen-tsang”>Hiuen Tsang (Xuanzang, 602 – 664 CE) and Yijing (I Tsing, 635 – 713 CE) prove to be invaluable in this respect. The Gupta Empire during the rule of Srigupta (circa 240 – 280 CE) comprised only Magadha and probably a part of Bengal too. Like the Mauryas and other Magadha kings who preceded him, Srigupta ruled from Pataliputra, close to modern day Patna. Srigupta was succeeded to the throne by his son Ghatotkacha (circa 280 – 319 CE).

CHANDRAGUPTA I

From the Kushans, the Gupta kings learned the benefit of maintaining a cavalry and Chandragupta I, son of Ghatotkacha, made effective use of his strong army. Through his marriage with Licchhavi Princess Kumaradevi, Chandragupta I received the ownership of rich mines full of iron Ore adjacent to his kingdom. Metallurgy was already at an advanced stage and forged iron was not only used to meet the internal demands, but also became a valuable trade commodity. The territorial heads ruling over various parts of India could not counter the superior armed forces of Chandragupta I and had to surrender before him. It is conjectured that at the end of his reign, the boundary of the Gupta Empire already extended to Allahabad.

SAMUDRAGUPTA

Samudragupta (circa 335 – 375 CE), Chandragupta I’s son who ascended the throne next, was a military genius and he continued the growth of the kingdom. After conquering the remainder of North India, Samudragupta turned his eyes to South India and added a portion of it to his empire by the end of his Southern Campaign. It is generally believed that during his time the Gupta Empire spanned from the Himalayas in north to the mouth of Krishna and Godavari rivers in the South, from Balkh, Afghanistan in the west to the Brahmaputra River in the east.

Samudragupta was very attentive to rajdharma (duties of a king) and took special care to follow Kautilya’s (350 – 275 BCE) Arthashastra (an economic, social and political treatise that has clear instructions about how a Monarchy should be governed) closely. He donated large sums of Money for various philanthropic purposes, including the promotion of Education. Besides being a courageous king and able administrator, he was a poet and musician. The large number of gold coins circulated by him showcases his multifaceted talent. An inscription, probably commissioned by subsequent Gupta kings, known as the Allahabad Pillar is most eloquent about his humane qualities. Samudragupta also believed in promoting goodwill among various religious communities. He gave, for example, Meghavarna, king of Ceylon, permission and support for the construction of a monastery in Bodh Gaya.

CHANDRAGUPTA II

A short struggle for power appears to have ensued after the reign of Samudragupta. His eldest son Ramagupta became the next Gupta king. This was noted by 7th century CE Sanskrit author Banbhatta in his biographical work, Harshacharita. What followed next forms a part of Sanskrit poet and playwright Visakh Dutta’s drama DeviChandra Guptam. As the story goes, Ramagupta was soon overcome by a Scythian king of Mathura. But the Scythian king, besides the kingdom itself, was interested in Queen Dhruvadevi who was also a renowned scholar. To maintain peace Ramagupta gave up Dhruvadevi to his opponent. It is then Ramagupta’s younger brother Chandragupta II with a few of his close aides went to meet the enemy in disguise. He rescued Dhruvadevi and assassinated the Scythian king. Dhruvadevi publicly condemned her husband for his behaviour. Eventually, Ramagupta was killed by Chandragupta II who also married Dhruvadevi sometime later.

Like Samudragupta, Chandragupta II (circa 380 – 414 CE) was a benevolent king, able leader and skilled administrator. By defeating the satrap of Saurashtra, he further expanded his kingdom to the coastline of the Arabian Sea. His courageous pursuits earned him the title of Vikramaditya. To rule the vast empire more efficiently, Chandragupta II founded his second capital in Ujjain. He also took care to strengthen the navy. The seaports of Tamralipta and Sopara consequently became busy hubs of maritime trade. He was a great patron of Art and Culture too. Some of the greatest scholars of the day including the navaratna (nine gems) graced his court. Numerous charitable institutions, orphanages and hospitals benefitted from his generosity. Rest houses for travellers were set up by the road side. The Gupta Empire reached its pinnacle during this time and unprecedented progress marked all areas of life.

POLITICS & ADMINISTRATION

Great tact and foresight were shown in the Governance of the vast empire. The efficiency of their martial system was well known. The large kingdom was divided into smaller pradesha (provinces) and administrative heads were appointed to take care of them. The kings maintained discipline and transparency in the bureaucratic process. Criminal law was mild, capital punishment was unheard of and judicial torture was not practised. Fa Hien called the cities of Mathura and Pataliputra as picturesque with the latter being described as a city of flowers. People could move around freely. Law and order reigned and, according to Fa Hien, incidents of theft and burglary were rare.

The following also speaks volumes about the prudence of the Gupta kings. Samudragupta acquired a far greater part of southern India than he cared to incorporate into his empire. Therefore, in quite a few cases, he returned the kingdom to the original kings and was satisfied only with collecting taxes from them. He reckoned that the great distance between that part of the country and his capital Pataliputra would hinder the process of Good Governance.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

People led a simple life. Commodities were affordable and all round prosperity ensured that their requirements were met easily. They preferred vegetarianism and shunned alcoholic beverages. Gold and silver coins were issued in great numbers which is a general indicative of the Health of the economy. Trade and Commerce flourished both within the country and outside. Silk, Cotton, spices, medicine, priceless gemstones, pearl, precious Metal and steel were exported by sea. Highly evolved steelcraft led everyone to a belief that Indian iron was not subject to corrosion. The 7 m (23 ft) high Iron Pillar in Qutub complex, Delhi, built around 402 CE, is a testimony to this fact. Trade relations with Middle East improved. Ivory, tortoise shell etc. from Africa, silk and some medicinal Plants from China and the Far East were high on the list of imports. Food, grain, spices, salt, gems and gold bullion were primary commodities of inland trade.

RELIGION

Gupta kings knew that the well-being of the empire lie in maintaining a cordial relationship between the various communities. They were devout Vaishnava (Hindus who worship the Supreme Creator as Vishnu) themselves, yet that did not prevent them from being tolerant towards the believers of Buddhism and Jainism. Buddhist monasteries received liberal donations. Yijing observed how the Gupta kings erected inns and rest houses for Buddhist monks and other pilgrims. As a pre-eminent site of education and cultural exchange Nalanda prospered under their patronage. Jainism flourished in northern Bengal, Gorakhpur, Udayagiri and Gujarat. Several Jain establishments existed across the empire and Jain councils were a regular occurrence.

LITERATURE, SCIENCES & EDUCATION

Sanskrit once again attained the status of a lingua franca and managed to scale even greater heights than before. Poet and playwright Kalidasa created such Epics as Abhijnanasakuntalam, Malavikagnimitram, Raghuvansha and Kumarsambhaba. Harishena, a renowned poet, panegyrist and flutist, composed Allahabad Prasasti, Sudraka wrote Mricchakatika, Vishakhadatta created Mudrarakshasa and Vishnusharma penned Panchatantra. Vararuchi, Baudhayana, Ishwar Krishna and Bhartrihari contributed to both Sanskrit and Prakrit linguistics, philosophy and science.

Varahamihira wrote Brihatsamhita and also contributed to the fields of astronomy and astrology. Genius mathematician and astronomer Aryabhata wrote Surya Siddhanta which covered several aspects of geometry, trigonometry and cosmology. Shanku devoted himself to creating texts about Geography. Dhanvantri’s discoveries helped the Indian medicinal system of ayurveda become more refined and efficient. Doctors were skilled in surgical practices and inoculation against contagious diseases was performed. Even today, Dhanvantri’s birth anniversary is celebrated on Dhanteras, two days before Diwali. This intellectual surge was not confined to the courts or among the royalty. People were encouraged to learn the nuances of Sanskrit literature, oratory, intellectual debate, music and painting. Several educational institutions were set up and the existing ones received continuous support.

ART, ARCHITECTURE & CULTURE

What philosopher and historian Ananda Coomaraswamy said in The Arts & Crafts of India & Ceylone, about the art of the region must be remembered here,

The Hindus do not regard the religious, aesthetic, and scientific standpoints as necessarily conflicting, and in all their finest work, whether musical, literary, or plastic, these points of view, nowadays so sharply distinguished, are inseparably united.

The finest examples of painting, sculpture and architecture of the period can be found in Ajanta, Ellora, Sarnath, Mathura, Anuradhapura and Sigiriya. The basic tenets of Shilpa Shasrta (Treatise on Art) were followed everywhere including in town planning. Stone studded golden stairways, iron pillars (The iron pillar of Dhar is twice the size of Delhi’s Iron Pillar), intricately designed gold coins, jewellery and metal sculptures speak volumes about the skills of the metalsmiths. Carved ivories, wood and lac-work, brocades and embroidered textile also thrived. Practicing vocal music, dance and seven types of Musical instruments including veena (an Indian musical stringed instrument), flute and mridangam (drum) were a norm rather than exception. These were regularly performed in temples as a token of devotion. In classic Indian style, artists and litterateurs were encouraged to meditate on the imagery within and capture its essence in their creations. As Agni Purana suggests, “O thou Lord of all gods, teach me in dreams how to carry out all the work I have in my mind.”

DECLINE OF THE EMPIRE

After the demise of his father Chandragupta II, Kumaragupta I (circa 415 – 455 CE) ruled over the vast empire with skill and ability. He was able to maintain peace and even fend off strong challenges from a tribe known as Pushyamitra. He was helped by his able son Skandagupta (455 – 467 CE) who was the last of the sovereign rulers of The Gupta Dynasty. He also succeeded in preventing the invasion of the Huns (Hephthalites). Skandagupta was a great scholar and wise ruler. For the well being of the denizens he carried out several construction works including the rebuilding of a dam on Sudarshan Lake, Gujarat. But these were the last of the glory days of the empire.

After Skandagupta’s death the dynasty became embroiled with domestic conflicts. The rulers lacked the capabilities of the earlier emperors to rule over such a large kingdom. This resulted in a decline in law and order. They were continuously plagued by the attacks of the Huns and other foreign powers. This put a dent in the economic well-being of the empire. On top of this, the kings remained more occupied with self-indulgence than in preparing to meet with the challenges of their enemies. The inept ministers and administrative heads also followed suit. Notably, after the defeat and capture of Mihirakula, one of the most important Hephthalite emperors of the time, Gupta King Baladitya set him free on the advice of his ministers. The Huns came back to haunt the empire later and finally drew the curtains on this illustrious empire in circa 550. The following lines of King Sudraka’s Mricchakatika (The Little Clay Cart) aptly sum up the rise and fall in the fortune of the Gupta Dynasty.

PARTNERSHIP

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PARTNERSHIP :

Partnership is an association of two or more parties, they put https://exam.pscnotes.com/money”>Money for business.

 

 

 

 

Simple Partnership:

Simple partnership is one in which the capitals of the partners are invested for the same time. The profit or losses are divided among the partners in the ratio of their investments.

 

 

 

 

Compound Partnership:

Compound Partnership is one which the capitals of the partners are invested for different periods. In such cases equivalent capitals are calculated for a unit time by multiplying the capital with the number of units of time. The profits or losses are then divided in the ratio of these equivalent capitals. Tus the ratio of profits is directly proportional to both capital invested as time.

 

 

 

 

Working partner:

A partner who participates in the working and manages the business is called a Working Partner.

 

 

 

 

Sleeping Partner:

A partner who only invests capital but does not participate in the working of the business is called a Sleeping Partner.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Division of Profit and Loss:

 

 

1. Rule :When Investment of all partners are for the same time, the loss or profit is distributed among partners in the ratio of investment.
Ex. Let P and Q invested Rs. a and b for one year in a business then share of profit and loss be ,

P’s share of profit : Q’s share profit = a : b

2.Rule : When investments are for different time period, then profit ratio is calculated as capital multiplied by length of investment

Ex. P’s share of profit : Q’s share profit = a* t1 : b* t2

 

 

Questions with solutions

Level-I

 
  1. A, B and C enter into a partnership. They invest Rs. 40,000, Rs. 80,000 and Rs. 1,20,000 respectively. At the end of the first year, B withdrawns Rs. 40,000, while at the end of the second year, C withdraws Rs. 80,000. In what ratio will the profit be shared at the end of 3 years ?

 

 

 

Solution: A : B : C = (40,000 X 36) : (80,000 X 12 + 40,000 X 24) : (120,000 X 24 + 40,000 X 12)   =     3: 4: 16

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. A, B, C enter into a partnership investing Rs. 35,000, Rs.45,000 and Rs.55,000 respectively. The respective Shares of A, B, C in an annual profit of Rs.40,500 are ?

 

 

 

Solution : A : B : C = 35000 : 45000 : 55000 = 7 : 9 : 11.

 

A’s share = Rs (40500 x 7/27) = Rs. 10500

 

B’s share = Rs.(40500× 9/27) = Rs. 13500

 

C’s share = Rs.(40500×11/27)= Rs. 16500

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. In a business, Lucky invests Rs. 35,000 for 8 months and manju invests Rs 42,000 for 10 months. Out of a profit of Rs. 31,570. Manju’s share is 😕

 

 

Solution :      lucky: Manju = (35000 X 8) : (42,000 X 10) = 2:3
Manju’s share = Rs.3/5×31570 = Rs. 18,942

 

 

  1. Amar started a business investing Rs. 70,000. Ramki joined him after six months with an amount of Rs. 1,05,000 and Sagar joined them with Rs. 1.4 lakhs after another six months. The amount of profit earned should be distributed in what ratio among Aman, Rakhi and Sagar respectively, 3 years after Aman started the business ?

 

 

Solution: Amar : Ramki : Sagar =

 

(70000 X 36) : (105000 X 30) : (140000 X24)   = 12 : 15 : 16.

 

 

 

5 . A begins a business with Rs 450 and is joined afterwards by B with  Rs 300. After how many months does B join if the profits at the end of the year is divided in the ratio 2 : 1?

 

 

Solution.-.(B) Suppose B joins for x months.

Then,     450 ´12    =    2
300 ´ x           1

x =450× 6
300

 

x= 9 months

\B joins after (12 – 9) = 3 months.

 

 

 

  1. Shekhar started a business investing Rs. 25,000 in 1999. In 2000, he invested an additional amount of Rs. 10,000 and Rajeev joined him with an amount of Rs. 35,000. In 2001, Shekhar invested another additional amount of Rs. 10,000 and Jatin joined them with an amount of Rs. 35,000. What will be Rajeev’s share in the profit of Rs. 1,50,000 earned at the end of 3 years from the start of the business in 1999?.

 
Solution : Shekhar : Rajeev : Jatin  =

(25000  X  12 + 35000  X  12 + 45000  X  12) : (35000  X 24) :   (35000  X  12)
= 1260000   :  840000  :  420000  =   3  :  2  :  1.
Rajeev’s share   =  Rs.(150000×26)  =   Rs. 50000

 

 

 

 

 

  1. A,B and C started a business with Rs.15000, Rs.25000 and Rs.35000 respectively.  A was paid 10% of the total profit as a salary and the balance was divided in the ration of investment.  If A’s share is Rs.4,200, then C’s share is: ?

 

 

 

Solution : A, B and C must divide their salaries in the ratio :

15,000 : 25,000:35,000 = 3:5:7
Assume total Profit = 100X.

then A share is 10% of 100X for managing business and 3/15 part of 90X for his investment (as the remaining profit is   (100X – 10X = 90X)
So total A’s share  =  10X  + 315 × 90X =  4,200
⇒X = 150
Substituting X  = 150 in 90X we get remaining profit for sharing. That is Rs.13,500
Now C’s share  = 715×13,500  =  Rs.6,300

 

 

Level-II

1. A and B invest in a business in the ratio 3 : 2. If 5% of the total profit goes to charity and A’s share is Rs. 855, the total profit is:
A. Rs. 1425
B. Rs. 1500
C. Rs. 1537.50
D. Rs. 1576

Answer:1 Option B

Explanation:

Let the total profit be Rs. 100.

After paying to charity, A’s share = Rs. 95 x 3 = Rs. 57.
5

If A’s share is Rs. 57, total profit = Rs. 100.

If A’s share Rs. 855, total profit = 100 x 855 = 1500
 

 

2.

  

 

A, B and C jointly thought of engaging themselves in a business venture. It was agreed that A would invest Rs. 6500 for 6 months, B, Rs. 8400 for 5 months and C, Rs. 10,000 for 3 months. A wants to be the working member for which, he was to receive 5% of the profits. The profit earned was Rs. 7400. Calculate the share of B in the profit.
A. Rs. 1900
B. Rs. 2660
C. Rs. 2800
D. Rs. 2840

Answer: 2 Option B

 

Explanation:

For managing, A received = 5% of Rs. 7400 = Rs. 370.

Balance = Rs. (7400 – 370) = Rs. 7030.

Ratio of their investments = (6500 x 6) : (8400 x 5) : (10000 x 3)

= 39000 : 42000 : 30000

= 13 : 14 : 10

 B’s share = Rs. 7030 x 14 = Rs. 2660.
37
3 .A, B and C enter into a partnership in the ratio  :  : . After 4 months, A increases his share 50%. If the total profit at the end of one year be Rs. 21,600, then B’s share in the profit is:
A. Rs. 2100
B. Rs. 2400
C. Rs. 3600
D.  

Rs. 4000

Answer:3 Option D

 

Explanation:

Ratio of initial investments = 7 : 4 : 6 = 105 : 40 : 36.
2 3 5

Let the initial investments be 105x, 40x and 36x.

 A : B : C = 105x x 4 + 150 x 105x x 8 : (40x x 12) : (36x x 12)
100

= 1680x : 480x : 432x = 35 : 10 : 9.

Hence, B’s share = Rs. 21600 x 10 = Rs. 4000.
54
 

4.

  

A, B, C subscribe Rs. 50,000 for a business. A subscribes Rs. 4000 more than B and B Rs. 5000 more than C. Out of a total profit of Rs. 35,000, A receives:
A. Rs. 8400
B. Rs. 11,900
C. Rs. 13,600
D. Rs. 14,700

 

Answer:4 Option D

 

Explanation:

Let C = x.

Then, B = x + 5000 and A = x + 5000 + 4000 = x + 9000.

So, x + x + 5000 + x + 9000 = 50000

3x = 36000

x = 12000

A : B : C = 21000 : 17000 : 12000 = 21 : 17 : 12.

 A’s share = Rs. 35000 x 21 = Rs. 14,700.
50
5. Three partners shared the profit in a business in the ratio 5 : 7 : 8. They had partnered for 14 months, 8 months and 7 months respectively. What was the ratio of their investments?
A. 5 : 7 : 8
B. 20 : 49 : 64
C. 38 : 28 : 21
D. None of these

 

Answer:5 Option B

 

Explanation:

Let their investments be Rs. x for 14 months, Rs. y for 8 months and Rs. z for 7 months respectively.

Then, 14x : 8y : 7z = 5 : 7 : 8.

Now, 14x = 5        98x = 40y        y = 49 x
8y 7 20

 

And, 14x = 5        112x = 35z        z = 112 x = 16 x.
7z 8 35 5

 

 x : y : z = x : 49 x : 16 x = 20 : 49 : 64.
20 5
               
       

 

             
   
6. A starts business with Rs. 3500 and after 5 months, B joins with A as his partner. After a year, the profit is divided in the ratio 2 : 3. What is B’s contribution in the capital?
A. Rs. 7500
B. Rs. 8000
C. Rs. 8500
D. Rs. 9000

Answer:6 Option D

 

Explanation:

Let B’s capital be Rs. x.

Then, 3500 x 12 = 2
7x 3

14x = 126000

x = 9000.
7. A and B entered into partnership with capitals in the ratio 4 : 5. After 3 months, A withdrew  of his capital and B withdrew  of his capital. The gain at the end of 10 months was Rs. 760. A’s share in this profit is:
A. Rs. 330
B. Rs. 360
C. Rs. 380
D. Rs. 430

Answer:7 Option A

 

 

 

Explanation:

A : B = 4x x 3 + 4x – 1 x 4x x 7 : 5x x 3 + 5x – 1 x 5x x 7
4 5

= (12x + 21x) : (15x + 28x)

= 33x :43x

= 33 : 43.

 

 A’s share = Rs. 760 x 33 = Rs. 330.
76

 

           
 
8. A and B started a partnership business investing some amount in the ratio of 3 : 5. C joined then after six months with an amount equal to that of B. In what proportion should the profit at the end of one year be distributed among A, B and C?
A. 3 : 5 : 2
B. 3 : 5 : 5
C. 6 : 10 : 5
D. Data inadequate

Answer:8 Option C

 

Explanation:

Let the initial investments of A and B be 3x and 5x.

A : B : C = (3x x 12) : (5x x 12) : (5x x 6) = 36 : 60 : 30 = 6 : 10 : 5.
9. A, B, C rent a pasture. A puts 10 oxen for 7 months, B puts 12 oxen for 5 months and C puts 15 oxen for 3 months for grazing. If the rent of the pasture is Rs. 175, how much must C pay as his share of rent?
A. Rs. 45
B. Rs. 50
C. Rs. 55
D. Rs. 60

Answer:9 Option A

 

Explanation:

A : B : C = (10 x 7) : (12 x 5) : (15 x 3) = 70 : 60 : 45 = 14 : 12 : 9.

 C’s rent = Rs. 175 x 9 = Rs. 45.
35
10. A and B started a business in partnership investing Rs. 20,000 and Rs. 15,000 respectively. After six months, C joined them with Rs. 20,000. What will be B’s share in total profit of Rs. 25,000 earned at the end of 2 years from the starting of the business?
A. Rs. 7500
B. Rs. 9000
C. Rs. 9500
D. Rs. 10,000

Answer: 10 Option A

 

Explanation:

A : B : C = (20,000 x 24) : (15,000 x 24) : (20,000 x 18) = 4 : 3 : 3.

 B’s share = Rs. 25000 x 3 = Rs. 7,500.
10

TIME & DISTANCE

by

 

In this module we will deal with basic concepts of time and distance, speed, Average speed, conversion from km/h to m/s and vice versa. This chapter will form the basis of further concept of relative speed which is used in train and boat problems.

Important Formulas

  1. Speed=Distance/Time
  2. Distance=Speed×Time
  3. Time=Distance/Speed
  4. To convert Kilometers per Hour(km/hr) to Meters per Second(m/s)
    x km/hr=(x×5)/18m/s
  5. To convert Meters per Second(m/s) to Kilometers per Hour(km/hr)
    x m/s=(x×18)/5 km/hr
  6. If a car covers a certain distance at x kmph and an equal distance at y kmph, the average speed of the whole journey = 2xy/(x+y) kmph
  7. Speed and time are inversely proportional (when distance is constant) ⇒Speed ∝1/Time (when distance is constant)
  8. If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a : b, then the ratio of the times taken by them to cover the same distance is 1/a:1/b or b : a

Solved Examples

Level 1

1.A person crosses a 600 m long street in 5 minutes. What is his speed in km per hour?
A. 8.2 B. 4.2
C. 6.1 D. 7.2

 

Answer : Option D

Explanation :

Distance = 600 meter

time = 5 minutes = 5 x 60 seconds = 300 seconds

Speed = distance/time=600/300=2m/s=(2×18)/5 km/hr=36/5 km/hr=7.2 km/hr

2.Two boys starts from the same place walking at the rate of 5 kmph and 5.5 kmph respectively in the same direction. What time will they take to be 8.5 km apart?
A. 17 hr B. 14 hr
C. 12 hr D. 19 hr

 

Answer : Option A

Explanation :

Relative speed = 5.5 – 5 = .5 kmph (because they walk in the same direction)

distance = 8.5 km

Time = distance/speed=8.5/.5=17 hr.

3.Walking 6/7th of his usual speed, a man is 12 minutes too late. What is the usual time taken by him to cover that distance?
A. 1 hr 42 min B. 1 hr
C. 2 hr D. 1 hr 12 min

 

Answer : Option D

Explanation :

New speed = 6/7 of usual speed
Speed and time are inversely proportional.
Hence new time = 7/6 of usual time
Hence, 7/6 of usual time – usual time = 12 minutes
=>1/6 of usual time = 12 minutes => usual time = 12 x 6 = 72 minutes = 1 hour 12 minutes

 4.A man goes to his office from his house at a speed of 3 km/hr and returns at a speed of 2 km/hr. If he takes 5 hours in going and coming, what is the distance between his house and office?
A. 3 km B. 4 km
C. 5 km D. 6 km

 

Answer : Option D

Explanation :

If a car covers a certain distance at x kmph and an equal distance at y kmph,the average speed of the whole journey = 2xy/(x+y) kmph

Hence, average speed = (2×3×2)/(2+3)=12/5 km/hr .

Total time taken = 5 hours

⇒Distance travelled=(12/5)×5=12 km

⇒Distance between his house and office =12/2=6 km

5.If a person walks at 14 km/hr instead of 10 km/hr, he would have walked 20 km more. What is the actual distance travelled by him?
A. 80 km B. 70 km
C. 60 km D. 50 km

 

Answer : Option D

Explanation :

Assume that the person would have covered x km if travelled at 10 km/hr

⇒Speed = Distance/Time=x/10….. (Equation1)

Give that the person would have covered (x + 20) km if travelled at 14 km/hr
⇒Speed = Distance/Time=(x+20)/14….. (Equation2)

From Equations 1 and 2,
X/10=(x+20)/14⇒14x=10x+200⇒4x=200⇒x=200/4=50

6.A car travels at an average of 50 miles per hour for 212 hours and then travels at a speed of 70 miles per hour for 112 hours. How far did the car travel in the entire 4 hours?
A. 210 miles B. 230 miles
C. 250 miles D. 260 miles

 

Answer : Option B

Explanation :

Speed1 = 50 miles/hour

Time1 = 2*(1/2) hour=5/2 hour

⇒Distance1 = Speed1 × Time1 = (50×5)/2=25×5=125 miles

⇒Speed2 = 70 miles/hour

Time2 = 1*1/2 hour=3/2 hour

Distance2 = Speed2 × Time2 = 70×3/2=35×3=105 miles

Total Distance = Distance1 + Distance2 =125+105=230 miles

7.Sound is said to travel in air at about 1100 feet per second. A man hears the axe striking the tree, 11/5 seconds after he sees it strike the tree. How far is the man from the wood chopper?
A. 1800 ft B. 2810 ft
C. 3020 ft D. 2420 ft

 

Answer : Option D

Explanation :

Speed of the sound = 1100 ft/s ⇒Time = 11/5 second

Distance = Speed × Time = 1100 ×11/5=220×11=2420 ft

8.A man walking at the rate of 5 km/hr crosses a bridge in 15 minutes. What is the length of the bridge (in meters)?
A. 1250 B. 1280
C. 1320 D. 1340

 

Answer : Option A

Explanation :

Speed = 5 km/hr

Time = 15 minutes = 1/4 hour

Length of the bridge = Distance Travelled by the man

= Speed × Time = 5×1/4 km

=5×1/4×1000 metre=1250 metre

Level 2

1.A man takes 5 hours 45 min in walking to a certain place and riding back. He would have gained 2 hours by riding both ways. The time he would take to walk both ways is
A. 11 hrs B. 8 hrs 45 min
C. 7 hrs 45 min D. 9 hts 20 min

 

Answer : Option C

Explanation :

Given that time taken for riding both ways will be 2 hours lesser than the time needed for waking one way and riding back
From this, we can understand that time needed for riding one way = time needed for waking one way – 2 hours
Given that time taken in walking one way and riding back = 5 hours 45 min
Hence The time he would take to walk both ways = 5 hours 45 min + 2 hours = 7 hours 45 min
In fact, you can do all these calculations mentally and save a lot of time which will be a real benefit for you.
2.A man complete a journey in 10 hours. He travels first half of the journey at the rate of 21 km/hr and second half at the rate of 24 km/hr. Find the total journey in km.
A. 121 km B. 242 km
C. 224 km D. 112 km

 

Answer : Option C

Explanation :

distance = speed x time
Let time taken to travel the first half = x hr
then time taken to travel the second half = (10 – x) hr
Distance covered in  the first half = 21x
Distance covered in  the second half = 24(10 – x)
But distance covered in  the first half = Distance covered in the second half
=> 21x = 24(10 – x) => 21x = 240 – 24x => 45x = 240 => 9x = 48 => 3x = 16⇒x=16/3

Hence Distance covered in the first half = 21x=21×16/3=7×16=112 km. Total distance = 2×112=224 km

3.A car traveling with 5/7 of its actual speed covers 42 km in 1 hr 40 min 48 sec. What is the actual speed of the car?
A. 30 km/hr B. 35 km/hr
C. 25 km/hr D. 40 km/hr

 

Answer : Option B

Explanation :

Time = 1 hr 40 min 48 sec = 1hr +40/60hr+48/3600hr=1+2/3+1/75=126/75hr

Distance = 42 kmSpeed=distance/time=42(126/75) =42×75/126

⇒5/7 of the actual speed = 42×75/126

⇒actual speed = 42×75/126×7/5=42×15/18=7×15/3=7×5=35 km/hr

4.A man covered a certain distance at some speed. If he had moved 3 kmph faster, he would have taken 40 minutes less. If he had moved 2 kmph slower, he would have taken 40 minutes more. What is the the distance in km?
A. 36 B. 38
C. 40 D. 42

 

Answer : Option C

Explanation :

Let the distance be x km , the speed in which he moved = v kmph

Time taken when moving at normal speed – time taken when moving 3 kmph faster = 40 minutes

⇒x/v−x/(v+3)=40/60⇒x[1/v−1/(v+3)]=2/3⇒x[(v+3−v)/v(v+3)]=2/3

⇒2v(v+3)=9x…………….(Equation1)

Time taken when moving 2 kmph slower – Time taken when moving at normal speed = 40 minutes
⇒x/(v−2)−x/v=40/60⇒x[1/(v−2)−1/v]=2/3

⇒x[(v−v+2)/v(v−2)]=2/3⇒x[2/v(v−2)]=2/3

⇒x[1/v(v−2)]=1/3⇒v(v−2)=3x…………….(Equation2)

Equation1/Equation2

⇒2(v+3)/(v−2)=3⇒2v+6=3v−6⇒v=12

Substituting this value of v inEquation1⇒2×12×15=9x

=>x= (2×12×15)/9= (2×4×15)/3=2×4×5=40. Hence distance = 40 km

5.In covering a distance of 30 km, Arun takes 2 hours more than Anil. If Arun doubles his speed, then he would take 1 hour less than Anil. What is Arun’s speed?
A. 8 kmph B. 5 kmph
C. 4 kmph D. 7 kmph

 

Answer : Option B

Explanation :

Let the speed of Arun = x kmph and the speed of Anil = y kmph
distance = 30 km

We know that distance/speed=time. Hence, 30/x−30/y=2………..(Equation1)

30/y−30/2x=1………..(Equation2)

Equation1 + Equation2⇒30/x−30/2x=3⇒30/2x=3⇒15/x=3⇒5/x=1⇒x=5. Hence Arun’s speed = 5 kmph

6.A car travels first 160 km at 64 km/hr and the next 160 km at 80 km/hr. What is the average speed for the first 320 km of the tour?
A. 70.24 km/hr B. 74. 24 km/hr
C. 71.11 km/hr D. 72.21 km/hr

 

Answer : Option C

Explanation :

If a car covers a certain distance at x kmph and an equal distance at y kmph,the average speed of the whole journey = 2xy/(x+y) kmph.

By using the same formula, we can find out the average speed quickly average speed = (2×64×80)/(64+80)=(2×64×80)/144⇒ (2×32×40)/36= (2×32×10)/9⇒ (64×10)/9=71.11 kmph

7.A man rides his bicycle 10 km at an average speed of 12 km/hr and again travels 12 km at an average speed of 10 km/hr. What is his average speed for the entire trip approximately?
A. 11.2 kmph B. 10 kmph
C. 10.2 kmph D. 10.8 kmph

 

Answer : Option D

Explanation :

Total distance travelled = 10 + 12 = 22 km

Time taken to travel 10 km at an average speed of 12 km/hr = distance/speed=10/12 hr

Time taken to travel 12 km at an average speed of 10 km/hr = distance/speed=12/10 hr

Total time taken =10/12+12/10 hr

Average speed = distance/time=22/(10/12+12/10)=(22×120)/{(10×10)+(12×12)}

(22×120)/244=(11×120)/122=(11×60)/61=660/61≈10.8 kmph

8.An airplane covers a certain distance at a speed of 240 kmph in 5 hours. To cover the same distance in 123 hours, it must travel at a speed of:
A. 660 km/hr B. 680 km/hr
C. 700 km/hr D. 720 km/hr

 

Answer : Option D

Explanation :

Speed and time are inversely proportional ⇒Speed ∝ 1/Time (when distance is constant)

Here distance is constant and Speed and time are inversely proportional

Speed ∝ 1/Time⇒Speed1/Speed2=Time2/Time1

⇒240/Speed2=(1*2/3)5⇒240/Speed2=(5/3)/5⇒240/Speed2=1/3⇒Speed2=240×3=720 km/hr

9.A train can travel 50% faster than a car. Both start from point A at the same time and reach point B 75 kms away from A at the same time. On the way, however, the train lost about 12.5 minutes while stopping at the stations. What is the speed of the car?
A. 80 kmph B. 102 kmph
C. 120 kmph D. 140 kmph

 

Answer : Option C

Explanation :

Let speed of the car = x kmph

Then speed of the train = x *(100+50)/100=150 x /100=3 x /2 kmph

Time taken by the car to travel from A to B=75/x hours

Time taken by the train to travel from A to B=75/(3 x /2)+12.5/60 hours

Since both start from A at the same time and reach point B at the same time

75/x=75/(3 x /2)+12.5/60⇒25/x=12.5/60⇒x=(25×60)/12.5=2×60=120

TIME AND WORK

In these problems the number of persons, quantity of work done and time taken are important factors. Also time taken by a person depends on the efficiency of that person which comes into picture when different people do the work such as Women, children do the work alongside the men. The problems related to time and work can be solved by two major approaches – ratio & proportions and unitary method. Let us proceed to find some formulae related to these questions.

Important Formulas – Time and Work

  • If A can do a piece of work in n days, work done by A in 1 day = 1/n

 

  • If A does 1/n work in a day, A can finish the work in n days

 

  • If M1 men can do W1 work in D1 days working H1 hours per day and M2 men can do W2 work in D2 days working H2 hours per day (where all men work at the same rate), then

M1 D1 H1 / W1 = M2 D2 H2 / W2

 

  • If A can do a piece of work in p days and B can do the same in q days, A and B together can finish it in pq / (p+q) days

 

  • If A is thrice as good as B in work, then

Ratio of work done by A and B = 3:1

Ratio of time taken to finish a work by A and B = 1: 3

 

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Level 1

1.P is able to do a piece of work in 15 days and Q can do the same work in 20 days. If they can work together for 4 days, what is the fraction of work left?
A. 8/15 B. 7/15
C. 11/15 D. 2/11

 

Answer : Option A

Explanation :

Amount of work P can do in 1 day = 1/15

Amount of work Q can do in 1 day = 1/20

Amount of work P and Q can do in 1 day = 1/15 + 1/20 = 7/60

Amount of work P and Q can together do in 4 days = 4 × (7/60) = 7/15

Fraction of work left = 1 – 7/15= 8/15

2.A can do a piece of work in 4 hours . A and C together can do it in just 2 hours, while B and C together need 3 hours to finish the same work. B alone can complete the work in — hours.
A. 12 hours B. 6 hours
C. 8 hours D. 10 hours

 

Answer : Option A

Explanation :

Work done by A in 1 hour = 1/4

Work done by B and C in 1 hour = 1/3

Work done by A and C in 1 hour = 1/2

Work done by A,B and C in 1 hour = 1/4+1/3 = 7/12

Work done by B in 1 hour = 7/12 – 1/2 = 1/12

=> B alone can complete the work in 12 hours

3.A completes 80% of a work in 20 days. Then B also joins and A and B together finish the remaining work in 3 days. How long does it need for B if he alone completes the work?
A. 37 ½ days B. 22 days
C. 31 days D. 22 days

 

Answer : Option A

Explanation :

Work done by A in 20 days = 80/100 = 8/10 = 4/5

Work done by A in 1 day = (4/5) / 20 = 4/100 = 1/25 — (1)

Work done by A and B in 3 days = 20/100 = 1/5 (Because remaining 20% is done in 3 days by A and B)

Work done by A and B in 1 day = 1/15 —(2)

Work done by B in 1 day = 1/15 – 1/25 = 2/75

=> B can complete the work in 75/2 days = 37 ½ days

4.P can finish a work in 18 days. Q can finish the same work in 15 days. Q worked for 10 days and left the job. How many days does P alone need to finish the remaining work?
A. 8 B. 5
C. 4 D. 6

 

Answer : Option D

Explanation :

Work done by P in 1 day = 1/18

Work done by Q in 1 day = 1/15

Work done by Q in 10 days = 10/15 = 2/3

Remaining work = 1 – 2/3 = 1/3

Number of days in which P can finish the remaining work = (1/3) / (1/18) = 6

5.Anil and Suresh are working on a special assignment. Anil needs 6 hours to type 32 pages on a computer and Suresh needs 5 hours to type 40 pages. If both of them work together on two different computers, how much time is needed to type an assignment of 110 pages?
A. 7 hour 15 minutes B. 7 hour 30 minutes
C. 8 hour 15 minutes D. 8 hour 30 minutes

 

Answer : Option C

Explanation :

Pages typed by Anil in 1 hour = 32/6 = 16/3

Pages typed by Suresh in 1 hour = 40/5 = 8

Pages typed by Anil and Suresh in 1 hour = 16/3 + 8 = 40/3

Time taken to type 110 pages when Anil and Suresh work together = 110 × 3 /40 = 33/4

= 8 ¼ hours = 8 hour 15 minutes

6.P works twice as fast as Q. If Q alone can complete a work in 12 days, P and Q can finish the work in — days
A. 1 B. 2
C. 3 D. 4

 

Answer : Option D

Explanation :

Work done by Q in 1 day = 1/12

Work done by P in 1 day = 2 × (1/12) = 1/6

Work done by P and Q in 1 day = 1/12 + 1/6 = ¼

=> P and Q can finish the work in 4 days

7.A work can be finished in 16 days by twenty women. The same work can be finished in fifteen days by sixteen men. The ratio between the capacity of a man and a woman is
A. 1:3 B. 4:3
C. 2:3 D. 2:1

 

Answer : Option B

Explanation :

Work done by 20 women in 1 day = 1/16

Work done by 1 woman in 1 day = 1/(16×20)

Work done by 16 men in 1 day = 1/15

Work done by 1 man in 1 day = 1/(15×16)

8.P,Q and R together earn Rs.1620 in 9 days. P and R can earn Rs.600 in 5 days. Q and R in 7 days can earn Rs.910. How much amount does R can earn per day?
A. Rs.40 B. Rs.70
C. Rs.90 D. Rs.100

 

Answer : Option B

Explanation :

Amount Earned by P,Q and R in 1 day = 1620/9 = 180 —(1)

Amount Earned by P and R in 1 day = 600/5 = 120 —(2)

Amount Earned by Q and R in 1 day = 910/7 = 130 —(3)

(2)+(3)-(1) => Amount Earned by P , Q and 2R in 1 day

– Amount Earned by P,Q and R in 1 day = 120+130-180 = 70

=>Amount Earned by R in 1 day = 70
Ratio of the capacity of a man and woman =1/(15×16) : 1/(16×20) = 1/15 : 1/20

= 1/3 :1/4 = 4:3

Level 2

1.P, Q and R can do a work in 20, 30 and 60 days respectively. How many days does it need to complete the work if P does the work and he is assisted by Q and R on every third day?
A. 10 days B. 14 days
C. 15 days D. 9 days

 

Answer : Option C

Explanation :

Amount of work P can do in 1 day = 1/20

Amount of work Q can do in 1 day = 1/30

Amount of work R can do in 1 day = 1/60

P is working alone and every third day Q and R is helping him

Work completed in every three days = 2 × (1/20) + (1/20 + 1/30 + 1/60) = 1/5

So work completed in 15 days = 5 × 1/5 = 1

Ie, the work will be done in 15 days

2.A is thrice as good as B in work. A is able to finish a job in 60 days less than B. They can finish the work in – days if they work together.
A. 18 days B. 22 ½ days
C. 24 days D. 26 days

 

Answer : Option B

Explanation :

If A completes a work in 1 day, B completes the same work in 3 days

Hence, if the difference is 2 days, B can complete the work in 3 days

=> if the difference is 60 days, B can complete the work in 90 days

=> Amount of work B can do in 1 day= 1/90

Amount of work A can do in 1 day = 3 × (1/90) = 1/30

Amount of work A and B can together do in 1 day = 1/90 + 1/30 = 4/90 = 2/45

=> A and B together can do the work in 45/2 days = 22 ½ days

3.P can do a work in the same time in which Q and R together can do it. If P and Q work together, the work can be completed in 10 days. R alone needs 50 days to complete the same work. then Q alone can do it in
A. 30 days B. 25 days
C. 20 days D. 15 days

 

Answer : Option B

Explanation :

Work done by P and Q in 1 day = 1/10

Work done by R in 1 day = 1/50

Work done by P, Q and R in 1 day = 1/10 + 1/50 = 6/50

But Work done by P in 1 day = Work done by Q and R in 1 day . Hence the above equation can be written as Work done by P in 1 day × 2 = 6/50

=> Work done by P in 1 day = 3/50

=> Work done by Q and R in 1 day = 3/50

Hence work done by Q in 1 day = 3/50 – 1/50 = 2/50 = 1/25

So Q alone can do the work in 25 days

4.6 men and 8 women can complete a work in 10 days. 26 men and 48 women can finish the same work in 2 days. 15 men and 20 women can do the same work in – days.
A. 4 days B. 6 days
C. 2 days D. 8 days

 

Answer : Option A

Explanation :

Let work done by 1 man in 1 day = m and work done by 1 woman in 1 day = b

Work done by 6 men and 8 women in 1 day = 1/10

=> 6m + 8b = 1/10

=> 60m + 80b = 1 — (1)

Work done by 26 men and 48 women in 1 day = 1/2

=> 26m + 48b = ½

=> 52m + 96b = 1— (2)

Solving equation 1 and equation 2. We get m = 1/100 and b = 1/200

Work done by 15 men and 20 women in 1 day

= 15/100 + 20/200 =1/4

=> Time taken by 15 men and 20 women in doing the work = 4 days

5.Machine P can print one lakh books in 8 hours. Machine Q can print the same number of books in 10 hours while machine R can print the same in 12 hours. All the machines started printing at 9 A.M. Machine P is stopped at 11 A.M. and the remaining two machines complete work. Approximately at what time will the printing of one lakh books be completed?
A. 3 pm B. 2 pm
C. 1:00 pm D. 11 am

 

Answer : Option C

Explanation :

Work done by P in 1 hour = 1/8

Work done by Q in 1 hour = 1/10

Work done by R in 1 hour = 1/12

Work done by P,Q and R in 1 hour = 1/8 + 1/10 + 1/12 = 37/120

Work done by Q and R in 1 hour = 1/10 + 1/12 = 22/120 = 11/60

From 9 am to 11 am, all the machines were operating.

Ie, they all operated for 2 hours and work completed = 2 × (37/120) = 37/60.

6.A can complete a work in 12 days with a working of 8 hours per day. B can complete the same work in 8 days when working 10 hours a day. If A and B work together, working 8 hours a day, the work can be completed in — days.
A. 5 5⁄11 B. 4 5⁄11
C. 6 4⁄11 D. 6 5⁄11

 

Answer : Option A

Explanation :

A can complete the work in 12 days working 8 hours a day

=> Number of hours A can complete the work = 12×8 = 96 hours

=> Work done by A in 1 hour = 1/96

B can complete the work in 8 days working 10 hours a day

=> Number of hours B can complete the work = 8×10 = 80 hours => Work done by B in 1 hour = 1/80

Work done by A and B in 1 hour = 1/96 + 1/80 = 11/480 => A and B can complete the work in 480/11 hours. A and B works 8 hours a day.

Hence total days to complete the work with A and B working together = (480/11)/ (8) = 60/11 days = 5 5⁄11 days

Pending work = 1- 37/60 = 23/60

Hours taken by Q an R to complete the pending work = (23/60) / (11/60) = 23/11

which is approximately equal to 2. Hence the work will be completed approximately 2 hours after 11 am ; ie around 1 pm

7.If daily wages of a man is double to that of a woman, how many men should work for 25 days to earn Rs.14400? Given that wages for 40 women for 30 days are Rs.21600.
A. 12 B. 14
C. 16 D. 18

 

Answer : Option C

Explanation :

Wages of 1 woman for 1 day = 21600/(40×30)

Wages of 1 man for 1 day = (21600×2)/(40×30)

Wages of 1 man for 25 days = (21600×2×25)/(40×30)

Number of men = 14400/(21600×2×25)/(40×30)=144/(216×50)/40×30)=144/9=16

8.There is a group of persons each of whom can complete a piece of work in 16 days, when they are working individually. On the first day one person works, on the second day another person joins him, on the third day one more person joins them and this process continues till the work is completed. How many days are needed to complete the work?
A. 3 1⁄4 days B. 4 1⁄3 days
C. 5 1⁄6 days D. 6 1⁄5 days

 

Answer : Option C

Explanation :

Work completed in 1st day = 1/16

Work completed in 2nd day = (1/16) + (1/16) = 2/16

Work completed in 3rd day = (1/16) + (1/16) + (1/16) = 3/16

An easy way to attack such problems is from the choices. You can see the choices are

very close to each other. So just see one by one.

For instance, The first choice given in 3 1⁄4

The work done in 3 days = 1/16 + 2/16 + 3/16 = (1+2+3)/16 = 6/16

The work done in 4 days = (1+2+3+4)/16 = 10/16

The work done in 5 days = (1+2+3+4+5)/16 = 15/16, almost close, isn’t it?

The work done in 6 days = (1+2+3+4+5+6)/16 > 1

Hence the answer is less than 6, but greater than 5. Hence the answer is 5 1⁄6 days.

(Just for your reference, work done in 5 days = 15/16)

Pending work in 6th day = 1 – 15/16 = 1/16.

In 6th day, 6 people are working and work done = 6/16.

To complete the work 1/16, time required = (1/16) / (6/16) = 1/6 days.

Hence total time required = 5 + 1/6 = 5 1⁄6 days

BUDGETING

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BUDGETING

Budgeting is the process of estimating the availability of Resources and then allocating them to various activities of an organization according to a pre-determined priority. In most cases, approval of a budget also means the approval to various spending units to utilize the allocated resources. Budgeting plays a criucial role in the socio-https://exam.pscnotes.com/economic-development”>Economic Development of the nation.

Budget is the annual statement of the outlays and tax revenues of the government of India together with the laws and regulations that approve and support those outlays and tax revenues . The budget has two purposes in general :
1. To finance the activities of the Union Government
2. To achieve macroeconomic objectives.

The Budget contains the financial statements of the government embodying the estimated receipts and expenditure for one financial year, ie.  it is a proposal of how much Money is to be spent on what and how much of it will
be contributed by whom or raised from where during the coming year.

Different types of Budgeting

Economists throughout the globe have classified the budgets into different types based on the process and purpose of the budgets, which are as follows:-

1- The Line Item Budget

line-item budgeting was introduced in some countries in the late 19th centuary. Indeed line item budgeting which is the most common form of budgeting in a large number of countries and suffers from several drawbacks was a major reform initiative then. The line item budget is defined as “the budget in which the individual financial statement items are grouped by cost centers or departments .It shows the comparison between the financial data for the past  accounting or budgeting periods and estimated figures for the current or a future period”In a line-item system, expenditures for the budgeted period are listed according to objects of expenditure, or “line-items.” These line items include detailed ceilings on the amount a unit would spend on salaries, travelling allowances, office expenses, etc. The focus is on ensuring that the agencies
or units do not exceed the ceilings prescribed. A central authority or the Ministry of Finance keeps a watch on the spending of various units to ensure that the ceilings are not violated. The line item budget approach is easy to understand and implement. It also facilitates centralized control and fixing of authority and responsibility of the spending units. Its major disadvantage is that it does not provide enough information to the top levels about the activities and achievements of individual units.

2 – Performance Budgeting

a performance budget reflects the goal/objectives of the organization and spells out performance targets. These targets are sought to be achieved through a strategy. Unit costs are associated with the strategy and allocations are accordingly made for achievement of the objectives. A Performance Budget gives an indication of how the funds spent are expected to give outputs and ultimately the outcomes. However, performance budgeting has a limitation – it is not easy to arrive at standard unit costs especially in social programmes which require a multi-pronged approach.

3- Zero-based budgeting

The concept of zero-based budgeting was introduced in the 1970s. As the name suggests, every budgeting cycle starts from scratch. Unlike the earlier systems where only incremental changes were made in the allocation, under zero-based budgeting every activity is evaluated each time a budget is made and only if it is established that the activity is necessary, are funds allocated to it. The basic purpose of Zero-based Budgeting is phasing out of programmes/ activities which do not have relevance anymore. However, because of the efforts involved in preparing a zero-based budget and institutional resistance related to personnel issues, no government ever implemented a full zero-based budget, but in modified forms the basic principles of ZBB are often used.

4- Programme Budgeting and Performance Budgeting

Programme budgeting in the shape of planning, programming and budgeting system (PPBS) was introduced in the US Federal Government in the mid-1960s. Its core themes had much in common with earlier strands of performance budgeting.
Programme budgeting aimed at a system in which expenditure would be planned and controlled by the
objective. The basic building block of the system was Classification of expenditure into programmes, which meant objective-oriented classification so that programmes with common objectives are considered together.
It aimed at an integrated expenditure management system, in which systematic policy and expenditure planning would be developed and closely integrated with the budget. Thus, it was too ambitious in scope. Neither was adequate preparation time given nor was a stage-by-stage approach adopted. Therefore, this attempt to introduce PPBS in the federal government in USA did not succeed, although the concept of performance budgeting and programme budgeting endured.

 

 

Budgetary Control

Budgetary control refers to how well managers utilize budgets to monitor and control costs and operations in a given accounting period. In other words, budgetary control is a process for managers to set financial and performance goals with budgets, compare the actual results, and adjust performance, as it is needed.

Budgetary control involves the following steps :

(a) The objects are set by preparing budgets.

(b) The business is divided into various responsibility centres for preparing various budgets.

(c) The actual figures are recorded.

(d) The budgeted and actual figures are compared for studying the performance of different cost centres.

(e) If actual performance is less than the budgeted norms, a remedial action is taken immediately.

The main objectives of budgetary control are the follows:

  1. To ensure planning for future by setting up various budgets, the requirements and expected performance of the enterprise are anticipated.
  2. To operate various cost centres and departments with efficiency and economy.
  3. Elimination of wastes and increase in profitability.
  4. To anticipate Capital Expenditure for future.
  5. To centralise the control system.
  6. Correction of deviations from the established standards.
  7. Fixation of responsibility of various individuals in the organization.

 

Responsibility Accounting

Responsibility accounting is an underlying concept of accounting performance measurement systems. The basic idea is that large diversified organizations are difficult, if not impossible to manage as a single segment, thus they must be decentralized or separated into manageable parts.

These decentralized parts are divided as : 1) revenue centers, 2) cost centers, 3) profit centers and 4) Investment centers.

  1. revenue center (a segment that mainly generates revenue with relatively little costs),
  2. costs for a cost center (a segment that generates costs, but no revenue),
  3. a measure of profitability for a profit center (a segment that generates both revenue and costs) and
  4. return on investment (ROI) for an investment center (a segment such as a division of a company where the manager controls the acquisition and utilization of assets, as well as revenue and costs).

 

Advantages:-

  1. It provides a way to manage an organization that would otherwise be unmanageable.
  2. Assigning responsibility to lower level managers allows higher level managers to pursue other activities such as long term planning and policy making.
  3. It also provides a way to motivate lower level managers and workers.
  4. Managers and workers in an individualistic system tend to be motivated by measurements that emphasize their individual performances.

In India the budget is prepared from top to bottom approach and responsible accounting would not only improve the efficiency of Indian budgetary system but also will help in performance analysis.

Social Accounting

Social accounting is concerned with the statistical classification of the activities of human beings and human institutions in ways which help us to understand the operation of the economy as a whole.

Social accounting is the process of communicating the social and environmental effects of organizations’ economic actions to particular interest groups within Society and to society at large

The components of social accounting are production, consumption, capital accumulation, government transactions and transactions with the rest of the world.

The uses of social accounting are as follows:

(1) In Classifying Transactions

(2) In Understanding Economic Structure

(3) In Understanding Different Sectors and Flows

(4) In Clarifying Relations between Concepts

(7) In Explaining Movements in GNP

(8) Provide a Picture of the Working of Economy

(9) In Explaining Interdependence of Different Sectors of the Economy

(10) In Estimating Effects of Government Policies

(11) Helpful in Big Business Organisations

(12) Useful for International Purposes

(13) Basis of Economic Models

 

Budgetary Deficit

Budgetary Deficit is the difference between all receipts and expenditure of the government, both revenue and capital. This difference is met by the net addition of the Treasury Bills issued by the RBI and drawing down of cash balances kept with the RBI. The budgetary deficit was called Deficit Financing by the government of India. This deficit adds to Money Supply in the economy and, therefore, it can be a major cause of inflationary rise in prices.

Budgetary Deficit of central government of India was Rs. 2,576 crores in 1980-81, it went up to Rs. 11,347 crores in 1990-91 to Rs. 13,184 crores in 1996-97.

The concept of budgetary deficit has lost its significance after the presentation of the 1997-98 Budget. In this budget, the practice of ad hoc treasury bills as SOURCE OF FINANCE for government was discontinued. Ad hoc treasury bills are issued by the government and held only by the RBI. They carry a low rate of interest and fund monetized deficit. These bills were replaced by ways and means advance. Budgetary deficit has not figured in union budgets since 1997-98. Since 1997-98, instead of budgetary deficit, Gross Fiscal Deficit (GFD) became the key indicator.

 

Fiscal Deficit

  • The difference between total revenue and total expenditure of the government is termed as fiscal deficit. It is an indication of the total borrowings needed by the government and thus amounts to all the borrowings of the government . While calculating the total revenue, borrowings are not included.
  • The gross fiscal deficit (GFD) is the excess of total expenditure including loans net of recovery over Revenue Receipts (including external grants) and non-debt capital receipts. The net fiscal deficit is the gross fiscal deficit less net lending of the Central government.
  • Generally fiscal deficit takes place either due to Revenue Deficit or a major hike in capital expenditure. Capital expenditure is incurred to create long-term assets such as factories, buildings and other development.
  • A deficit is usually financed through borrowing from either the central bank of the country or raising money from capital markets by issuing different instruments like treasury bills and Bonds.

 

Revenue Deficit

  • Revenue deficit is concerned with the revenue expenditures and revenue receipts of the government. It refers to excess of Revenue Expenditure over revenue receipts during the given fiscal year.
  • Revenue Deficit = Revenue Expenditure – Revenue Receipts
  • Revenue deficit signifies that government’s own revenue is insufficient to meet the expenditures on normal functioning of government departments and provisions for various Services.
  • In India social expenditure like MNREGA is a revenue expenditure though a part of Plan expenditure.
  • Its targeted to be 2.9% of GPD in the year 2014-15, though the fiscal revenue and budget management act specifies it to be zero by 2008-09

Famous Sayings

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I wish for a peaceful term of India. I cannot forget that in the sky of India ,   Lord Canning
serene as it is, a small cloud may arise ………..threaten to burst & overwhelm.    
‘a battle of blacks against the whites’ (on 1857 revolt)   J.W. Kaye
The war which began for religion ended up as a war for independence   Surendranath Sen
‘India has lost her most eminent son’ (on death of Keshav Chandr Sen)   Max Mueller
‘If somebody wants to understand India he should study Vivekananda’   Rabindranath Tagore
So long as millions live in hunger & ignorance I hold every man a traitor   https://exam.pscnotes.com/swami-vivekananda”>Swami Vivekananda
The objective of founding the congress was to save British ruler from danger   Lala Lajpat Rai
It is my firm belief that the congress….I should help it in its peaceful demise   Lord Curzon
I am very happy that the congress is continuously going downhill   Lord Elgin
Out life & religion are useless without the attainment of Swaraj   Lokmanya Tilak
The long night is going to end now…..most powerful goddess has arisen   Vivekananda
When in hundred years lip agitataion & paper agitation failed, in these six   Lala Lajpat Rai
months right work has succeeded (on Bengal Partition Movement)    
A charter of slavery (on govt of India act 1935)   Jawahar Nehru
Thoroughly rotten, fundamentally bad & totally unacceptable (Act 1935)   Mohammad Jinnah
The choice today is accepting the statement of June 3 or commiting suicide (on   Govind Vallabh Pant
Mountbatten plan of India’s partition)    
We would not have had one Pakistan but several (On partition plan acceptance)   Sardar Vallabh Patel

SQUARE ROOT & CUBE ROOTS

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Square Root & Cube Root

 

Step 1: First of all group the number in pairs of 2 starting from the right.

 

Step 2: To get the ten’s place digit, Find the nearest square (equivalent or greater than or less than) to the first grouped pair from left and put the square root of the square.

 

Step 3: To get the unit’s place digit of the square root

 

Remember the following

If number ends in Unit’s place digit of the square root
1 1 or 9(10-1)
4 2 or 8(10-2)
9 3 or 7(10-3)
6 4or 6(10-4)
5 5
0 0

 

Lets see the logic behind this for a better understanding

We know,

12=1

22=4

32=9

42=16

52=25

62=36

72=49

82=64

92=81

102=100

 

Now, observe the unit’s place digit of all the squares.

Do you find anything common?

 

We notice that,

Unit’s place digit of both 12 and 92 is 1.

Unit’s place digit of both 22 and 82 is 4

Unit’s place digit of both 32 and 72 is 9

Unit’s place digit of both 42 and 62 is 6.


Step 4: Multiply the ten’s place digit (found in step 1) with its consecutive number and compare the result obtained with the first pair of the original number from left.

 

Remember,

If first pair of the original number > Result obtained on multiplication then  select the greater number  out of the two numbers as the unit’s place digit of the square root.

 

If firstpair of the original number < the result obtained on multiplication,then select the lesser number out of the two numbers as the unit’s place digit of the square root.

 

 

Let us consider an example to get a better understanding of the method

 

 

Example 1: √784=?

Step 1: We start by grouping the numbers in pairs of two from right as follows

7 84

 

Step 2: To get the ten’s place digit,

We find that nearest square to first group (7) is 4 and √4=2

Therefore ten’s place digit=2

 

Step 3: To get the unit’s place digit,

We notice that the number ends with 4, So the unit’s place digit of the square root should be either 2 or 8(Refer table).

 

Step 4: Multiplying the ten’s place digit of the square root that we arrived at in step 1(2) and its consecutive number(3) we get,

2×3=6
ten’s place digit of original number > Multiplication result
7>6
So we need to select the greater number (8) as the unit’s place digit of the square root.
Unit’s place digit =8

Ans:√784=28

 

 

 

Cube roots of perfect cubes

It may take two-three minutes to find out cube root of a perfect cube by using conventional method. However we can find out cube roots of perfect cubes very fast, say in one-two seconds using Vedic Mathematics.

We need to remember some interesting properties of numbers to do these quick mental calculations which are given below.

 

Points to remember  for speedy  calculation of cube roots

  1. To calculate cube root of any perfect cube quickly, we need to remember the cubes of 1 to 10 which is given below.
13 = 1
23 = 8
33 = 27
43 = 64
53 = 125
63 = 216
73 = 343
83 = 512
93 = 729
103 = 1000
  1. From the above cubes of 1 to 10, we need to remember an interesting property.
13 = 1 => If last digit of the perfect cube = 1, last digit of the cube root = 1
23 = 8 => If last digit of the perfect cube = 8, last digit of the cube root = 2
33 = 27 => If last digit of the perfect cube = 7, last digit of the cube root = 3
43 = 64 => If last digit of the perfect cube = 4, last digit of the cube root = 4
53 = 125 => If last digit of the perfect cube =5, last digit of the cube root = 5
63 = 216 => If last digit of the perfect cube = 6, last digit of the cube root = 6
73 = 343 => If last digit of the perfect cube = 3, last digit of the cube root = 7
83 = 512 => If last digit of the perfect cube = 2, last digit of the cube root = 8
93 = 729 => If last digit of the perfect cube = 9, last digit of the cube root = 9
103 = 1000 => If last digit of the perfect cube = 0, last digit of the cube root = 0

 

It’s very easy to remember the relations given above because

1 -> 1 (Same numbers)
8 -> 2 (10’s complement of 8 is 2 and 8+2 = 10)
7 -> 3 (10’s complement of 7 is 3 and 7+3 = 10)
4 -> 4 (Same numbers)
5 -> 5 (Same numbers)
6 -> 6 (Same numbers)
3 -> 7 (10’s complement of 3 is 7 and 3+7 = 10)
2 -> 8 (10’s complement of 2 is 8 and 2+8 = 10)
9 -> 9 (Same numbers)
0 -> 0 (Same numbers)

 

Also see
8 ->  2 and 2 ->  8
7 -> 3 and 3-> 7

 

 

 

 

 

Questions

Level-I

1. The cube root of .000216 is:
A. .6
B. .06
C. 77
D. 87

 

 

2.
What should come in place of both x in the equation x = 162 .
128 x
A. 12
B. 14
C. 144
D. 196

 

3. The least perfect square, which is divisible by each of 21, 36 and 66 is:
A. 213444
B. 214344
C. 214434
D. 231444

 

4. 1.5625 = ?
A. 1.05
B. 1.25
C. 1.45
D. 1.55

 

5. If 35 + 125 = 17.88, then what will be the value of 80 + 65 ?
A. 13.41
B. 20.46
C. 21.66
D. 22.35
 

 

6.

  

 

If a = 0.1039, then the value of 4a2 – 4a + 1 + 3a is:
A. 0.1039
B. 0.2078
C. 1.1039
D. 2.1039

 

7.
If x = 3 + 1 and y = 3 – 1 , then the value of (x2 + y2) is:
3 – 1 3 + 1
A. 10
B. 13
C. 14
D. 15

 

8. A group of students decided to collect as many paise from each member of group as is the number of members. If the total collection amounts to Rs. 59.29, the number of the member is the group is:
A. 57
B. 67
C. 77
D. 87

 

9. The square root of (7 + 35) (7 – 35) is
A. 5
B. 2
C. 4
D. 35

 

 

 

 

10.
If 5 = 2.236, then the value of 5 – 10 + 125 is equal to:
2 5
A. 5.59
B. 7.826
C. 8.944
D. 10.062

 

 

 

Level-II

 
11.
625 x 14 x 11 is equal to:
11 25 196
A. 5
B. 6
C. 8
D. 11

 

12. 0.0169 x ? = 1.3
A. 10
B. 100
C. 1000
D. None of these

 

13.
3 – 1 2 simplifies to:
3
A.
3
4
B.
4
3
C.
4
3
D. None of these

 

14. How many two-digit numbers satisfy this property.: The last digit (unit’s digit) of the square of the two-digit number is 8 ?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. None of these

 

15. The square root of 64009 is:
A. 253
B. 347
C. 363
D. 803

 

 

16. √29929 = ?
A. 173
B. 163
C. 196
D. 186

 

 

 

 

 

 

17. √106.09 = ?
A. 10.6
B. 10.5
C. 10.3
D. 10.2
 
 

 

 

18.  ?/√196 = 5
A. 76
B. 72
C. 70
D. 75
 
 

 

Answers

Level-I

 

Answer:1 Option B

 

Explanation:

(.000216)1/3 = 216 1/3
106

 

   = 6 x 6 x 6 1/3
102 x 102 x 102

 

   = 6
102

 

   = 6
100

= 0.06

 

Answer:2 Option A

 

Explanation:

Let x = 162
128 x

Then x2 = 128 x 162

= 64 x 2 x 18 x 9

= 82 x 62 x 32

= 8 x 6 x 3

= 144.

x = 144 = 12.

 

Answer:3 Option A

 

Explanation:

L.C.M. of 21, 36, 66 = 2772.

Now, 2772 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 7 x 11

To make it a perfect square, it must be multiplied by 7 x 11.

So, required number = 22 x 32 x 72 x 112 = 213444

 

Answer:4 Option B

 

Explanation:

1|1.5625( 1.25

|1

|——-

22| 56

| 44

|——-

245| 1225

| 1225

|——-

|    X

|——-

1.5625 = 1.25.

 

 

Answer:5 Option D

 

Explanation:

35 + 125 = 17.88

35 + 25 x 5 = 17.88

35 + 55 = 17.88

85 = 17.88

5 = 2.235

80 + 65 = 16 x 5 + 65

= 45 + 65

= 105 = (10 x 2.235) = 22.35

 

 

 

Answer:6 Option C

 

Explanation:

4a2 – 4a + 1 + 3a = (1)2 + (2a)2 – 2 x 1 x 2a + 3a

= (1 – 2a)2 + 3a

= (1 – 2a) + 3a

= (1 + a)

= (1 + 0.1039)

= 1.1039

 

Answer:7 Option C

 

Explanation:

x = (3 + 1) x (3 + 1) = (3 + 1)2 = 3 + 1 + 23 = 2 + 3.
(3 – 1) (3 + 1) (3 – 1) 2

 

y = (3 – 1) x (3 – 1) = (3 – 1)2 = 3 + 1 – 23 = 2 – 3.
(3 + 1) (3 – 1) (3 – 1) 2

x2 + y2 = (2 + 3)2 + (2 – 3)2

= 2(4 + 3)

= 14

 

Answer:8 Option C

 

Explanation:

https://exam.pscnotes.com/money”>Money collected = (59.29 x 100) paise = 5929 paise.

Number of members = 5929 = 77

 

 

Answer:9 Option B

 

Explanation:

(7 + 35)(7 – 35) = (7)2 – (35)2  = 49 – 45  = 4  = 2

 

 

Answer:10 Option B

 

Explanation:

5 – 10 + 125 = (5)2 – 20 + 25 x 55
2 5 25

 

= 5 – 20 + 50
25

 

= 35 x 5
25 5

 

= 355
10

 

= 7 x 2.236
2

 

= 7 x 1.118

 

= 7.826

 

 

Level-II

Answer:11 Option A

 

Explanation:

Given Expression = 25 x 14 x 11 = 5.
11 5 14

 

 

 

Answer:12 Option B

 

Explanation:

Let 0.0169 x x = 1.3.

Then, 0.0169x = (1.3)2 = 1.69

 x = 1.69 = 100
0.0169

 

 

 

Answer:13 Option C

 

Explanation:

3 – 1 2 = (3)2 + 1 2 – 2 x 3 x 1
3 3 3

 

= 3 + 1 – 2
3

 

= 1 + 1
3

 

= 4
3

 

 

 

Answer:14 Option D

 

Explanation:

A number ending in 8 can never be a perfect square.

 

 

Answer:15 Option A

 

Explanation:

2 |64009( 253      |4      |———-45  |240      |225      |———-503| 1509      |  1509      |———-      |     X      |———-

64009 = 253.

 

 

Answer:16 Option A

 

Explanation:
√29929 = So, √29929 = 173

 

 

Answer:17 Option C

 

Answer:18 Option C

Green Revolution and its impact on major crops of India

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The https://exam.pscnotes.com/green-revolution”>Green Revolution was initiated in the 1960’s to address the issue of Malnutrition in the developing world. The technology of the Green Revolution involved bio-engineered seeds that worked in Conjunction with chemical Fertilizers and heavy Irrigation to increase crop yields.

Green Revolution was largely confined in wheat crop and in northern India such as Punjab, resulting in a limited contribution to overall Economic Development of the country. On the contrary, the agricultural Growth in the 1980s (the second wave of the Green Revolution) involved almost all the crops including rice and covered the whole country, it enabled to raise rural income and alleviate rural POVERTY substantially. Such a rise of rural India as a “market‟ for non-agricultural products and Services was an important pre-requisite for the rapid economic growth based on non-agricultural sectors‟ development in India after the 1990s.

Green Revolution is based on:-

(i) improved seeds of high yielding varieties,
(ii) adequate and assured supply of water for irrigation, and
(iii) increased and appropriate application of chemical fertilizers for increasing agricultural production.

India has failed to extend the concept of high-yield value seeds to all crops or all regions. In terms of crops, it remain largely confined to foodgrains only, not to all kinds of agricultural produce. In regional terms, only Punjab and Haryana states showed the best results of the Green Revolution. The eastern plains of the River Ganges in West Bengal state also showed reasonably good results. But results were less impressive in other parts of India. Those states which were originally rich derived the benefits of Green Revolution, e.g., Punjab, Haryana and Western U.P. As the benefits of new technology concentrated mainly in these areas, other Indian states could not match them.