Raja Rammohan Roy:

RRM Roy was a social reformer and intellectual in the early nineteenth century Bengal. He is most widely known for founding the Brahmo Samaj and his relentless campaign against the practice of Sati and child marriage.

Debendranath Tagore:

Brahmo Samaj:

BS was founded in 1828 by Raja Ram Mohan Roy with the purpose of purifying https://exam.pscnotes.com/hinduism”>Hinduism and to preach monotheism or belief in one God.

Bahadur Shah 1 (1707-12)  

• Muzam succeeded Aurungzeb after latter’s death in 1707
• He acquired the title of Bahadur Shah.
• Though he was quite old (65) and his rule quite short there are many significant achievements he made
• He reversed the narrow minded and antagonistic policies of Aurungzeb
• Made agreements with Rajput states
• Granted sardeshmukhi to Marathas but  not Chauth
• Released Shahuji (son of Sambhaji) from prison (who later fought with Tarabai)
• Tried to make peace with Guru Gobind Sahib by giving him a high Mansab. After Guru’s death, Sikhs again revolted under the Leadership of Banda Bahadur. This led to a prolonged war with the Sikhs.
• Made peace with Chhatarsal, the Bundela chief and Churaman, the Jat chief.
• State finances deteriorated

Jahandar Shah (1712-13)

• Death of Bahadur Shah plunged the empire into a civil war
• A noted feature of this time was the prominence of the nobles
• Jahandar Shah, son of Bahadur Shah, ascended the throne in 1712 with help from Zulfikar Khan
• Was a weak ruler devoted only to pleasures
• Zulfikar Khan, his wazir, was virtually the head of the administration
• ZK abolished jizyah
• Peace with Rajputs: Jai Singh of Amber was made the Governor of Malwa. Ajit Singh of Marwar was made the Governor of Gujarat.
• Chauth and Sardeshmukh granted to Marathas. However, Mughals were to collect it and then hand it over to the Marathas.

• Continued the policy of suppression towards Banda Bahadur and Sikhs
• Ijarah: (revenue farming) the government began to contract with revenue farmers and middlemen to pay the government a fixed amount of https://exam.pscnotes.com/money”>Money while they were left free to collect whatever they could from the peasants
• Jahandhar Shah defeated in January 1713 by his nephew Farrukh Siyar at Agra

Farrukh Siyar (1713-19)

• Owed his victory to Saiyid Brothers: Hussain Ali Khan Barahow and Abdullah Khan
• Abdullah Khan: Wazir,                    Hussain Ali: Mir Bakshi
• FS was an incapable ruler. Saiyid brothers were the real rulers.
• Saiyid Brothers
  • Known the Indian HISTORY as King Makers
  • adopted the policy of religious Tolerance. Abolished jizyah (again?). Pilgrim tax was abolished from a number of places
  • Marathas: Granted Shahuji swarajya and the right to collect chauth and sardeshmukhi of the six provinces of the Deccan
  • They failed in their effort to contain rebellion because they were faced with constant political rivalry, quarrels and conspiracies at the court.
  • Nobles headed by Nizam-ul-Mulk and Muhammad Amin Khan began to conspire against them
  • In 1719, the Saiyid Brothers killed and overthrew FS.
  • This was followed by placing, in quick SUCCESSION, of two young princes who died of consumption
  • Murder of the emperor created a wave of revulsion against the SB. They were looked down as ‘namak haram’
• Now, they placed 18 year old Muhammad Shah as the emperor of India
• In 1720, the nobles assassinated Hussain Ali Khan, the younger of the SB. Abdullah Khan was also defeated at Agra

Muhammad Shah ‘Rangeela’ (1719-1748)

• Weak-minded, frivolous and over-fond of a life of ease
• Neglected the affairs of the state
• Intrigued against his own ministers
• Naizam ul Mulk Qin Qulich Khan, the wazir, relinquished his office and founded the state of Hyderabad in 1724
  • “His departure was symbolic of the flight of loyalty and virtue from the Empire”
• Heriditary nawabs arose in Bengal, Hyderabad, Awadh and Punjab
• Marathas conquered Malwa, Gujarat and Bundelkhand
• 1738: Invasion of Nadir Shah

 

Nadir Shah’s Invasion (1738)

• Attracted to India by its fabulous wealth. Continual campaigns had made Persia bankrupt
• Also, the Mughal Empire was weak.
• Didn’t meet any resistance as the defense of the north-west frontier had been neglected for years
• The two armies met at Karinal on 13^th Feb 1739. Mughal army was summarily defeated. MS taken prisoner
• Massacre in Delhi in response to the killing of some of his soldiers
• Plunder of about 70 crore rupees. Carried away the Peacock throne and Koh-i-noor
• MS ceded to him all the provinces of the Empire west of the river Indus
• Significance: Nadir Shah’s invasion exposed the hidden weakness of the empire to the Maratha sardars and the foreign trading companies

Ahmed Shah Abdali

• One of the generals of Nadir Shah
• Repeatedly invaded and plundered India right down to Delhi and Mathura between 1748 and 1761. He invaded India five times.
• 1761: Third battle of Panipat. Defeat of Marathas.
• As a result of invasions of Nadir Shah and Ahmed Shah, the Mughal empire ceased to be an all-India empire. By 1761 it was reduced merely to the Kingdom of Delhi

Shah Alam II (1759-

• Ahmed Bahadur (1748-54) succeeded Muhammad Shah
• Ahmed Bahadur was succeeded by Alamgir II (1754-59)
  • 1756: Abdali plundered Mathura
• Alamgir II was succeeded by Shah Jahan III
• Shah Jahan III succeeded by Shah Alam II in 1759
• Shah Alam spent initial years wandering for he lived under the fear of his wazir
• In 1764, he joined forces with Mir Qasim of Bengal and Shuja-ud-Daula of Awadh in declaring a war upon the British East India company. This resulted in the Battle of Buxar
• Pensioned at Allahabad
• Returned to Delhi in 1772 under the protection of Marathas

Decline of the Mughal Empire

• After 1759, Mughal empire ceased to be a military power.
• It continued from 1759 till 1857 only due to the powerful hold that the Mughal dynasty had on the minds of the people of India as a symbol of the political unity of the country
• In 1803, the British occupied Delhi
• From 1803 to 1857, the Mughal emperors merely served as a political front of the British.
• The most important consequence of the fall of the Mughal empire was that it paved way for the British to conquer India as there was no other Indian power strong enough to unite and hold India.

Succession States

• These states arose as a result of the assertion of autonomy by governors of Mughal provinces with the decay of the central power
• Bengal, Awadh, Hyderabad

Hyderabad and the Carinatic

• Founded by Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah in 1724
• Tolerant policy towards Hindus
  • A Hindu, Puran Chand, was his Dewan.
• Established an orderly administration in Deccan on the basis of the jagirdari system on the Mughal pattern
• He died in 1748
• Nawab of Carinatic freed himself of the control of the Viceroy of the Deccan and made his office hereditary
  • Saadutullah Khan of Carinatic made his nephew Dost Ali his successor

Bengal

• 1700: Murshid Quli Khan made the Dewan of Bengal
• Freed himself of the central control
• Freed Bengal of major uprisings
  • Three major uprisings during his time: Sitaram Ray, Udai Narayan and Ghulam Muhammad, and then by Shujat Khan, and finally by Najat Khan
• Carried out fresh revenue settlement. Introduced the system of revenue-farming.
• Revenue farming led to the increased distress of the farmers
• Laid the foundations of the new landed aristocracy in Bengal
• MQK died in 1727. Succeeded by Shuja-ud-din.
• 1739: Alivardi Khan killed and deposed Shuja-ud-din’s son, Sarfaraz Khan, and made himself the Nawab
• All three Nawabs encouraged merchants, both Indian and foreign.
• Safety of roads and rivers. Thanas and Chowkies at regular intervals.
• Maintained strict control over the foreign trading companies
• They, however, did not firmly put down the increasing tendency of the English East India Company to use military force, or to threaten its use, to get its demands accepted.
• They also neglected to build a strong army

Awadh

• 1722: Saadat Khan Burhan-ul-Mulk
• Suppressed rebellions and disciplined the Zamindars
• Fresh revenue settlement in 1723
• Did not discriminate between Hindus and Muslims. The highest post in his government was held by a Hindu, Maharaja Nawab Rai
• Died in 1739. Succeeded by Safdar Jung.
• SJ’s reign was an era of peace
•  made an alliance with the Maratha sardars
• Carried out warfare against Rohelas and Bangash Pathans
• Organized an equitable system of Justice
• Distinct culture of Lucknow developed during his period

Mysore

• Haidar Ali, in 1761, overthrew Nanjaraj and established his own authority over Mysore
• 1755: Established a modern arsenal at Dindigal with the help of French experts
• Conquered Bidnur, Sunda, Sera, Canara and Malabar
• He conquered Malabar because he wanted access to the Indian Ocean
• First and Second Anglo-Mysore War
• 1782: Succeeded by Tipu Sultan
• TS was an innovator. Introduced a new calendar, a new system of coinage and new scales of weights and measures.
• Keen interest in French Revolution
  • Planted a ‘tree of Liberty’ at Srirangapatnam and became a member of the Jacobin Club
• Made efforts to build a modern navy
• Mysore flourished economically under Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan
• Sent missions to France, Turkey, Iran and Pegu Myanmar to develop Foreign Trade
• Some historians say that Tipu was a religious fanatic. But facts don’t support this assertion.

 

 

Kerala

• Divided into large number of feudal chiefs in the 18^th century
• Four important states
  • Calicut (under Zamorin), Chirakkal, Cochin and Travancore
• In 1729, Travancore rose to prominence under King Martanda Varma
• Conquered Quilon and Elayadam, and defeated the Dutch
• From 1766 Haidar Ali invaded Kerala and annexed northern Kerala up to Cochin
• Revival of Malyalam literature
  • Trivandram became a famous centre of Sanskrit Scholarship

Rajput States

• Rajputana states continued to be divided as before
• Raja Sawai Jai Singh of Amber was the most outstanding ruler of the era
  • Founded the city of Jaipur
  • Made Jaipur a great seat of science and art
  • Astronomer. Erected observatories at Jaipur, Ujjain, Varanasi, and Mathura
  • Drew up a set of tables, entitled Zij Muhammadshahi, to enable people to make astronomical observations
  • Translated Euclid’s “Elements of Geometry” into Sanskrit
  • Social reformers. Reduce lavish marriage expenditures.

Jats

• Jat peasants revolted in 1669 and 1688
• Jat state of Bharatpur set up by Churaman and  Badan Singh
• Reached its highest glory under Suraj Mal, who ruled from 1756 to 1763

Sikhs

• Sikhsim transformed into a militant religion during Guru Hargobind (1606-45), the sixth guru.
• Guru Gobind Singh waged constant war against the armies of Aurangzeb and the hill rajas
• After Guru Gobind Singh’s death (1708), leadership passed to Banda Singh (Banda Bahadur)
  • He struggled with the Mughal army for 8 years
  • Put to death in 1715
• Banda Bahadur failed because
  • Mughal centre was still strong
  • Upper classes and castes of Punjab joined forces against him
  • He could not integrate all the anti-Mughal forces because of his religious bigotry
• After the withdrawal of Abdali from Punjab, Sikhs were again resurgent
• Between 1765 and 1800 they brought the Punjab and Jammu under their control
• They were organized into 12 misls
• Ranjit Singh
  • Chief of the Sukerchakia Misl
  • Captured Lahore (1799) and Amritsar (1802)
  • Conquered Kashmir, Peshawar and Multan
  • Possessed the second best army in Asia
  • Tolerant and liberal
  • Fakir Azizuddin and Dewan Dina Nath were his important ministers
  • “known to step down from his throne to wipe the dust off the feet of Muslim mendicants with his long grey beard”
  • Negative point: He did not remove the threat of British. He only left it over to his successors. And so, after his death, when his kingdom was torn by intense interinal struggle, English conquered it.

Marathas

• Maratha Families
  • Peshwa – Pune
  • Gaekwad – Baroda
  • Bhosle – Nagpur
  • Holkar – Indore
  • Scindia – Gwalior
• The most powerful of the succession states
• Could not fill the political vacuum because
  • Maratha Sardars lacked unity
  • Lacked the outlook and programme which were necessary for founding an all-India empire
• Shahuji
  • Son of Sambhaji
  • Imprisoned by Aurungzeb
  • Released in 1707
  • Civil war between Shahu and his aunt Tarabai who ruled in the name of her infant son Shivaji II
  • The conflict gave rise to a new era of Maratha leadership, the era of Peshwa leadership
• Balaji Vishwnath
  • 1713: Peshwa of King Shahu
  • Induced Zulfikar Khan to grant the chauth and sardeshmukhi of the Deccan
  • Helped the Saiyid brothers in overthrowing Farukh Siyar
  • Maratha sardars were becoming individually strong but collectively weak
  • Died in 1720. Succeeded by his son Baji Rao I
• Baji Rao I
  • the greatest extent of guerrilla tactics after Shivaji
  • Vast areas ceded by the Mughals
  • Marathas won control over Malwa, Gujarat and parts of Bundelkhand
  • Rivalry with Nizam ul Mulk
  • Compelled the Nizam to grant chauth and sardeshmukhi of the Deccan provinces
  • 1733: Campaign against Sidis of Janjira and The Portuguese (Salsette and Bassein)
  • Died in 1740
  • Captured territories but failed to lay the foundations of an empire
  • Succeeded by Balaji Baji Rao (Nana Saheb)
• Balaji Baji Rao (1740-61)
  • Shahu died in 1749. Peshwas became the de facto rulers
  • Shifted the capital to Poona
  • Captured Orissa
  • Mysore forced to pay tributes
  • In 1752, helped Imad-ul-Mulk to become the wazir
  • Brought Punjab under their control and expelled the agent of Ahmad Shah Abdali
    • This led AS Abdali to come to India to settle accounts with Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat
  • Third Battle of Panipat
    • ASA formed an alliance with Najib-ud-daulah of Rohilkhand and Shuja-ud-daulah of Awadh.

 

The Govt. of India Act	Gave assurance that there would be no more territorial possessions. Titles were
1858	bestowed  on  many  princes  &  the  right  of  adoption  was  accepted.  No

 

 

 

	interference in religious matters.
The Indian Council	Provided  that  there  was  no  difference  between  the  central  &  provincial
Act 1861	subjects. The number of additional members in the council was fixed between
	four to eight. The Act also provided the Madras & Bombay governments the
	right to make laws.
Morley Minto	The number of members in the Imperial Legislative Council was raised to 69
Reforms 1909	out  of  which  37  were  to  be  govt  nominees  &  32  non-govt.  The  non-govt
	nominees  comprised  5  members  nominated  by  the  governor  general  &  27
	elected  members  (13  represented  Maharajas,  6  land  lords,  6  muslims  &  2
	Chambers of Commerce in Bengal & Bombay).
Montagu-Chelmsford	Setup a bifurcated legislature consisting of two houses ie the Council of States
Reforms 1919.	&  the  Central  Legislative  Assembly,  in  place  of  former  Imperial  Coucil
	consisting of only one house. Some of the functions of the Secretary of State
	were taken from him & given to the high commissioner for Inida who was to
	be appointed & paid by the government of India. For the first time the King’s
	Council was established. The ambit of communal electorates was exapned to
	give  representation  to  the  Sikhs,  Anglo  Indians,  Europeans  &  Christians
	alongwith the Muslims. The representation of Indians was increased in both
	the central as well as provincial legislatures.
Govt of India Act	Contained 451 articles. It was to have two chambers, the council of state & the
1935	federal  assembly.  The  Indian  council  was  abolished.  Expanded  communal
	representation.  Decided  to  establish  a  federation  of  India  consisting  of
	Governor’s provinces & princely states. It was compulsory for the governor’s
	provinces to accede to the proposed federation, whereas in the case of princely
	states, it was voluntary. All constituent parts of the federation were to have full
	interinal autonomy. To implement the act it was proposed to establish a federal
	executive  &  a  federal  legislature.  Under  the  act,  dyarchy  in  the  provinces
	earlier established by the act of 1919 was replaced by Provincial Autonomy.
	The  distinction  between  reserved  subjects  &  transferred  subjects  was
	abolished. Burma was separated from India. The governor was not bound to
	accept the advice of council of ministers.

 

1.The Marathas were Scindia (Gwalior), Holkar (Indore), Gaekwar (Baroda), Bhonsle (Nagpur).

 

2.Sawai Jai Singh of Amer (Jaipur) had Euclid’s ‘Elements of Geometry) & several works on Trigonometry were translated into https://exam.pscnotes.com/sanskrit”>Sanskrit. Banda Bairagi was baptised as Banda Singh Bahadur by Guru Gobind Singh.

 

3.Alfonso d’ Albuquerque came to India as The Portuguese governor & later captured Goa.

 

4.By a Farman issued in 1717 by Farrukh Siyar the East India company gained many concessions. The first British factory was established in 1651 in Hughli under permission from Shah Shuja, Subedar of Bengal & son of mughal emperor Shah Jahan.

 

5.Clive introducted the system of dual administration in Bengal under which the company acquired real power while the responsibility of administration – Nizamat as well as Diwani was exercised through Indians. This system was finally terminated by Warren Hastings.

 

6.Under subsidiary alliance a British resident & army was to be kept at the princely state & a portion of the territory/annual amount was to be given for maintenance. In return the states got British protection.

 

7.Devasting famine of Bengal in 1770 & 1837 (8 lakhs died). Later there was serious famine in 1896-97 & 1899-1901.

 

8.The sequence of states which were annexed by Doctrine of Lapse were Satara (1848), Sambalpur of Orissa, Jaitpur in Bundelkhand (both in 1849), Baghat (1850)Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853), Nagpur (1854). Awadh was annexed on the grounds of misrule.

 

9.First direct translation of a Sanskrit work into English was completed by Charles Wilkins. The book that was translated was the Bhagavad-Gita. The pindaris were a group of irregular horsemen attached to the Maratha army who used to serve without pay but were allowed to plunder. The British suppressed them.

 

10. The Britishers stopped the pension of Peshwa Baji Rao II’s adopted son Nana Sahib, the nawab of Carinatic & the Raja of Tanjore.

 

11. The army officers in Bengal were paid two times extra allowance in comparison to their counterparts in Madras. Lord Clive stopped this & consequently the British Army Officers rose in revolt which came to be known as the White Revolt.

 

12. In 1853 Charles Wood became the Chairman of the board of control. Consequently by the Charter Act of 1853, Indians were allowed entry into the Civil Services. The minimum age was raised to 23 & its centre was England & Enlish was made the medium. The dispatch recommended the establishment of one university each in Calcutta, Bombay & Madras on the model of London University.

 

13. Cornwallis was the first Governor General to establish a regular Police force on the British pattern in India. Warren Hastings established a fauzdari & Diwani Adalats. The Diwani adalats were presided over by the District collectors whereas Indian Judges assisted by Muftis & Qazis decided cases in Faujdari adalats.

 

 

 

Appeals from these adalats could be made to Sadar Diwani adalat & Sadar Nizamal adalat at Calcutta. Warren Hastings also established a madrasa in Calcutta to encourage study of Muslim laws.

 

14. The Sadar Diwani & Sadar Nizamat adalats operated on the basis of Indian laws.

 

15. Lord Cornwallis divested the collector of all judicial powers, thereby putting an end to his role as both the collector of revenue & the district magistrate. He created a new post called District judge for the purpose. During his period the system of Zamidari was introduced. The Mahalwari & Ryotwari systems were also devised to maximize revenue collections.

 

16. Gradation of criminal courts were – district, circuit, provincial circuit & the highest Sadar Nizamat Adalat. The Governor General enjoyed power of pardon. In case of Civil Law the gradation was Munsifs, court of registrars, district courts, provincial courts (Calcutta, Dacca, Murshidabad& Patna), Sadar Diwani Adalat & the highest King in Council.

 

17. Lord William Bentick established separate Sadar Nizamat Adalat & Sadar Diwan Adalat were set up at Allahabad for convenience of N W Indian Population.

 

18. The Widow Remarriage Act was passed in 1856. In 1891 though the enactment of the age of Consent act the minimum marriageable age for a girl was raised to 12 years. In 1930 though the Sharda Act the minimum age was raised to 14 years. After independence the limit was raised to 15 years (1948) & 18 years (1978).

 

19. Railways were introduced during Dalhousie’s period. Dalhousie also passed Religious Disabilities Act. Till 1850 a convert to other religion used to be disinherited from the ancestral property, but now even after adopting Christianity his claims on property remained intact. Lord Caning (1856-62) was the last governor general of the east India company.

 

20. In 1852 Inam commission was established. Its objective was to take over the lands on which revenue was not being paid.

 

21. Lord Ellenborough discontinued the practice of giving gifts to Bahadur Shah & stuck his name off the coins. Dalhousie asked him to vacate Delhi & shift to Qutab area. Canning announced that the emperor should renounce the title & his status be reduced to that of a prince.

 

22. The mode of carrying the Revolt of 1857 was chappatis & red lotus. Initally planned on 31^st May but on 29^th March Magal Pandey revolted. Bakht Khan was the actual leader at Delhi, Begum Hazrat Mahal at Lucknow (declared her minor son Bijris Kadar the nawab & rose in revolt), Nana Saheb, Tantya Tope, Azimullah khan at Kanpur, Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur (Bihar),Ahmadullah at Rohilkhand, Ranga Bapuji Gupte in Maharashtra, Sonaji Pant & Ranga Rao Page of Kolhapur, Radhakrishna Dandsena at Ganjam. Chengalpet (under Annagiri & Krishna) near Madras was also a major centre.

 

 

 

23. Loyalist included Holkar of Indore, ruler of Gwalior, rulers of Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Nizam of Hyderabad, Gulab Singh of Kashmir, Sikh rulers of Patiala, Nawab of Bhopal, rulers of Tehri & Tikagarh. Big landlords, moneylenders & traders also supported the rule of the company. The English educated classes also remained indifferent. Queen of Bahadur Shah, Rani Jeenat Mahal & her two sons joined hands with the enemy.

 

24. Bahadur Shah was sent to Asylum in Rangoon where he died in 1862.

 

25. The white soldiers revolted because of their discontent due to shifting of their divisions from the East India Company to the command of British Crown. Due to this Canning had to remove nearly 10,000 soldiers. This was called the ‘Revolt of the whites’.

 

26. Following the revolt the army was reorganized. No European was recruited in the local forces. Crucial branches of army like artillery exclusive for British. Except for some loyal regiments the Bengal army was disbanded.

 

27. In 1876 the British Parliament passed an Act known as the ‘Royal Titles Act’ by which the Queen Victoria assumed the title of the ‘Empress of India’. The practice of Royal Darbar (1877) during Lytton was introduced to instill loyalty among the Indian princes. Again Royal Durbar at Delhi during Curzon’s period in 1903 to commemorate the coronation of Edward VII.

 

28. After 1857, due to the Press Registration Act of 1867, Liberty of press which had been given by Metcalf (1835) was finished. The Verinacular Press Act of Lord Lytton of 1878 which empowered the district magistrates to call upon the publisher to enter into a bond undertaking not to publish anything likely to excite feelings of dissatisfaction. English papers were exempted from it. No appeal could be made. Amrita Bazar Patrika started publishing in English instead of Bengali. Indian Arms Act passed by Lytton in 1878 barred Indians from possessing weapons unless considered loyal subjects by Britishers.

 

29. Through an act in 1860 the age limit fro Civils was reduced from 23 to 22 & it was further reduced to 21 in 1866 & probation in England extended for a period of 2 years from 1 year before. In 1864 Satyendra Nath Tagore was the first Indian to clear. In 1869, Sri Surendranath Banerjea, Sri Bihari Lal Gupta & R.C Dutt succeded. In 1877 the maximum age was further reduced from 21 to 19. Lytton proposed a plan for Statutory Civil Services in 1879 which was not to have the same status as covenanted services. However an amendment provided that a maximum of 1/6^th of its member should be Indians.

 

30. The Hunter Commission (1882) was officially known as the Indian Education Commission, appointed to review the state of education since Wood’s dispatch & headed by William Wilson Hunter.

 

31. Ilbert Bill (1883) of Ripon (1880-84) was meant for allowing Indian judges to try Europeans. Lord Ripon repealed the Verinacular Press Act in 1882.

 

 

32. Chief Pre Congress organizations were Land Holders Society (1837), British India Society (1843), British Indian Association (1851) in Bengal, Native Association (1852) in Madras & Bombay Association (1852) in Bombay. In 1866 Dadabhai Naroji (Grand Old Man of India & president of Congress twice) set up the East India Association in London.

 

33. The Pune Public Conference (Ganesha Vasudev Joshi, S.H. Sathe, Chiplunkar& MG Ranade) was established in 1870. In Calcutta the Indian league (Editors of ABP- Sisir Kumar Ghosh, Shambhuchand Mukherjee, Kali Mohan Das & J.C. Dutt) was established in 1875

 

34. The ‘Indian Association’ was set up in 1876. Its leaders were Anand Mohan Bose & Surendranath Banerjea. The Mahajan Sabha (P. Rangayya Naidu, V. Raghavachari & Anandcharlu) was estd in Madras in 1884. In 1885 Hume spoke of his own party as Indian National Union which later came to be known as Indian National Congress (during Dufferin’s tenure). The actual purpose was to strengthen British rule & act like a safety valve. Under the Leadership of William Digby, the congress opened a branch in England in 1888 & started a magazine called ‘India’.

 

35. Aurobindo Ghosh (1872-1950) returned to India after 14 years stay in England in January 1893. Annie Besant arrived in India the same year & Mahatma Gandhi went to S.A in connection with the trial of a merchant, Abdulla Seth. Tilak was arrested for seditious writing in his paper “Kesari” & sentenced for six years (1908-14) imprisonment. He asked Jinnah to defend him.

 

36. In 1904 the Administrative Secrecy Act was passed which considered breach on official secrets as a criminal offence. The same year the Indian Universities Act was passed which increased the government control on the universities.

 

37. In the partition of Bengal, Chittagong, Rajshahi & Dacca were merged with Assam to form new province. Dacca was proposed to be its capital. The remaining part included West Bengal, Bihar & Orissa. Finally Curzon announced the partition of Bengal on October 16, 2005. This was observed as ‘black day’.

 

38. In the 1915 session of the Muslim league Mahatma Gandhi, Sarojni Naidu & Madan Mohan Malviya took part which was presided by M.A. Jinnah. The Congress accepted the demand of separate electorates.

 

39. Gandhiji wrote in Hind Swaraj, ‘Passive resistance (Satyagraha) is an all sided sword’. He wanted the satyagrahi to observe perfect chastity, adopt POVERTY, follow truth & cultivate fearlessness.

 

40. Under the Morley-Minto reforms of 1909 only 1 percent & under the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919, two & a half percent, & under Govt of India act 1935, 13 percent population became eligible voters. Elections to provincial legislatures were held in 1937 & the congress virtually swept the polls. The Muslim league could register victory only in 81 seats out of 482 Muslim seats. Viceroy Linlithgow assured Congress of his cooperation. The congress formed government in 7 states. In two states in Sindh & Assam ministries

 

were formed by congress support. In Punjab the Unionist Party & the Muslim League formed the Coalition Government & in Bengal the coalition ministry of Krishak Praja Party & the Muslim League came to power.

 

41. In 1937, after the elections Mohammad Ali Jinnah Proposed to form a coalition ministry in the United Provinces (as they were in minority) but the congress refused. At this juncture Jinnah proposed his ‘two-nation theory’. The Muslim league celebrated 12 December 1939, the day on which the Congress Ministries resigned from office as the ‘Deliverance Day’. However communal stock flared up in 1940 when the Muslim League accepting the two nation theory in its annual session at Lahore demanded Pakistan creation. The Jamait-ul-Ulema-e-Hind, Khudai Khidmatgar opposed the demand.

 

42. In 1939 without consulting the people of India, the British government involved the people in war. Hence the congress ministries resigned.

 

43. The Hindu Mahasabha was established in 1915 on the occasion of the Kumbh Mela at Hardwar by Madan Mohan Malaviya. V.D Savarkar, Lala Lajpat Rai participated in it.

 

44. On 26^th November 1949, Dr. Rajendra Prasad as the president of the constituent assembly formally signed the constitution, even while expressing his dissent on 20 points. It was primarily written in English & no educational qualification was set for any posts enshrined in it. India was then divided into 562 princely states (accounting for 48 % area & 20 % population) other than British India.

 

45. During 1941-45, no sessions of Congress were held due to arrest of all eminent leaders

 

46. Manabendra Nath Roy (March 21, 1887 January 25, 1954) was an Indian Communist leader. Roy was

 

born as Narendranath Bhattacharya. He had a leading role in revolutionary movements in India, Mexico, the Middle East, the Soviet Union, Indonesia and China. Like Marx he was both and activist and a phisopher; in fact Lenin called him “the Oriental Marx”. Roy tried to organize an armed insurrection in India in 1915; founded the Communist Party of Mexico (1919) and the emigre Communist Party of India in Tashkent (1920); rose to occupy the highest offices of the Communist Interinational and led the Commintern’s delegation to China (1927). At the same time he authored such Marxist classics as India in Transition

 

(1922), The Future of Indian Politics (1926) and Revolution and Counter-revolution in China (1930); and founded the organ of the emigre Communist Party of India, The Vanguard (and later The Masses) and edited it for seven years (1922-28).

 

I wish for a peaceful term of India. I cannot forget that in the sky of India ,			Lord Canning
serene as it is, a small cloud may arise ………..threaten to burst & overwhelm.
‘a battle of blacks against the whites’ (on 1857 revolt)			J.W. Kaye
The war which began for religion ended up as a war for independence			Surendranath Sen
‘India has lost her most eminent son’ (on death of Keshav Chandr Sen)			Max Mueller
‘If somebody wants to understand India he should study Vivekananda’			Rabindranath Tagore
So long as millions live in hunger & ignorance I hold every man a traitor			https://exam.pscnotes.com/swami-vivekananda”>Swami Vivekananda
The objective of founding the congress was to save British ruler from danger			Lala Lajpat Rai
It is my firm belief that the congress….I should help it in its peaceful demise			Lord Curzon
I am very happy that the congress is continuously going downhill			Lord Elgin
Out life & religion are useless without the attainment of Swaraj			Lokmanya Tilak
The long night is going to end now…..most powerful goddess has arisen			Vivekananda
When in hundred years lip agitataion & paper agitation failed, in these six			Lala Lajpat Rai
months right work has succeeded (on Bengal Partition Movement)
A charter of slavery (on govt of India act 1935)			Jawahar Nehru
Thoroughly rotten, fundamentally bad & totally unacceptable (Act 1935)			Mohammad Jinnah
The choice today is accepting the statement of June 3 or commiting suicide (on			Govind Vallabh Pant
Mountbatten plan of India’s partition)
We would not have had one Pakistan but several (On partition plan acceptance)			Sardar Vallabh Patel

Nasik Conspiracy Case	Anant Kanhare & Ganesh Savarkar short dead collector Jackson of Nasik
	with the revolver sent by V.D. Savarkar
Muzaffarpur Shooting	1908. Khudi Ram & Prafulla Chaki tried to bomb Kingsford, the District
	Judge of Muzaffarpur but instead his wife & daughter died.  Khudiram a
	minor was hanged & Prafulla Chaki shot himself dead.
Delhi Conspiracy Case	When Lord Hardinge was passing through a procession celebrating the
	shifting of Capital to Delhi a bomb was thrown on him. 13 people were
	arrested. Master Amir Chand, Awadh Bihari, Bal Mukund & Basant Kumar
	Biswas were hanged whereas Ram Bihari Bose succeded in fleeing to Japan.
Gadar Movement 1915	Baba Sohan Singh Bakhna (president) Lala Hardayal (secretary) and Pandit
	Kashiram (treasurer) at San Franscisco. A paper by the name of Gadar was
	also brought out by this party. Raja Mahendra Pratap even set up a
	government in exile for India’s independence at Kabul.
Lahore Conspiracy Case	A raid was conducted quash the activities of Gadar revolutionaries. Bhai
1915	Parmanand was arrested. Vishnu Ganesh Pingle & Kartar Singh Sarabha
	were also arrested. Baba Sohan Singh Bakhna were transported for life.
Kakori Conspiracy Case	Ram Prasad Bismil, Rajendra Lahiri, Roshan Singh & Ashfaqullah Khan
1925	(first Muslim) were hanged. Sachindranath Saynal was sentenced to life
	imprisonment. Chandra Sekhar Azad was also involved but he escaped.
Meerut Conspiracy 1929	Thirty-one Communist leaders arrested for sedition: Trial lasted 4 years
Chittagong Armoury Raid	Under the Leadership of Suryasen on government armouries at Chittagong,
1930-32	Mymen Singh & Barisal. Ambika Chakraborti, Loknath Bal & Ganesh
	Ghose were prominent leaders involved. Among the girls, Kalpana Dutt,
	Preetilata Waddekar were in the forefront. A fight took place in Jalalabad
	hills where a number of revolutionaries were killed.

1885	W.C. Bannerjee	Bombay
1886	Dadabhai Naroji	Calcutta
1887	Badruddin Tyabji	Madras
1888	George Yule	Allahabad
1889	William Weederburn	Bombay
1905	G.K. Gokhale	Banaras – Issues like welcoming the prince of wales led to feud
1906	Dadabhai Naoroji	Calcutta – Approval of issues of swadesi & national Education.
		Dadabhai Naoroji was chosen as compromise president. He
		declared swaraj as the objective.
1907	Rashbihari Bose	Surat – split
1912	R.N. Madholkar	Bankipur. Shortest session as the efforts to make Aga Khan
		preside over proved futile.
1916	Ambika Charan	Lucknow.
	Mazumdar
1920		Calcuttta. Approval of Non cooperation Movement
1921		Ahmedabad – intensify Non Copperation Movement.
1924	Mahatma Gandhi	Belgaun
1928	Motilal Nehru	Calcutta. Adopted the Nehru Report – Constitution.
1929	Jawahar Nehru	Lahore. The resolution demanding complete independence was
		passed on the banks of river Ravi.
1930		No session but Independence Day Pledge adopted on 26th January
1938	S.C. Bose	Haripura.
1939	S.C. Bose	Tripuri. Formed ‘Forward Bloc’.

Wahabi	Shah Abdul Aziz & Saiyed Ahmad Raebarelvi. Objective was to reform the Muslim
Movement	Society& convert ‘Dur-ul-Harb’ (Non-Islamic community) into ‘Dar-ul-https://exam.pscnotes.com/islam”>Islam’.
	Origianlly the movement was started in Arabia by Muhammad Ibn-Aba-e-Wahid.
	Its main centre was Patna, Sittana (NW province).
Kuka	Bhai Ram Singh (Disciple of Bhai Balak Singh). It is also called Namdhari Mission.
Movement	Bhai Ram Singh asked his followers to worship cow & run langars, wear white clothes
	& not use any foreign commodity or service. Bhai Ram Singh was deported to Burma.
Santhal	Siddhu, Khanhu, Chand & Bhareo (four sons of Chulu Santhal of Raj Mahal district).
Rebellion	Under the Permanent Settlement of 1793 the lands of Santhal passed to Zamidars &
1855-56	later to European Indigo planters. 10,000 santhals were killed in this rebellion. After
	this the area was put under the direct control of the Governor General & was named
	Santhal Paragana.

Vasudeo Balwant Phadke was born in Maharashtra. He left the army & became a revolutionary. Later deported to Aden & died in 1883. He may be justly called the father of militant nationalism in India.

 

Kisan	Launched by Lala Lajpat Rai & Ajit Singh. The passing of the 1906 Punjab Land
Movements	Revenue Act & heavy increase in water tax caused panic. The poem of Banke Dayal,
	‘Pagri Sambhal O Jatta’ became famous. Lala & Ajit Singh were sentenced to 6 months
	prison. Later the DSP of Layalpur Clough was assassinated. Ajit Singh escaped to
	France while Bhai Parmanand’s house search yielded a book on bomb making.
Moplah	Khilafat movement in Malabar incited communal feelings in Muslim peasants directed
Rebellion	towards Hindu land holders.

 

 

 

 

 

Harijan Bandhu, Harijan Sevak			Mahatma Gandhi
Samvad Kaumudi, Mirat-al-Akhbar			Raja Ram Mohun Roy
Tattvabodhini Patrika			Maharishi Devendranath Tagore
Indian Mirror			Maharishi Devendranath Tagore
Banga Darshan			Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
Maratha (English) & Kesari (Marathi)			Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak
The Punjabi, ‘The Pupil’ (English)			Lala Lajpat Rai
New India			Bipin Chandra Pal
Bande Matram			Bipin Chandra Pal (Editing by Aurobindo Ghosh)
Yugantar			Barindra Kumar Ghose & Bhupendra Dutta (Anushilan Samiti)
Talwar			Verendranath Chattopadhyay
New India			Annie Besant (Demanding Home Rule)
Common Will			Annie Besant (Demanding Home Rule)
Indian Sociologist (London)			Shyamji Krishnaverma
Bandi Jivan			Sachindranath Sanyal
Al-Hilal			Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (during Khilafat)
The Comrade			Mohammad Ali  (during Khilafat movement)
Nation			G.K. Gokhale
Karmyogi			Aurobindo Ghosh
Prabudha Bharat, Udbodhava			Vivekananda
Darpan			Bal Shastri Jambekar
Socialist			S.A. Dange.

Rajaram Mohun		Laid Stress on the study of English & established the Hindu College in Calcutta
Roy		alongwith David Hare.
Maharishi		The grandfather of Rabindranath Tagore. He inspired a number of thinkers like
Devendranath		Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar & Akshay Kumar Datta who became Brahmo Samaj
Tagore		members.  He  din’t  perform  his  fathers  antyeshti  samskara  as  it  involved  idol
		worship.
Keshav Chandra		He was greatly inspired with the lives of John the Baptist, Jesus Christ & hence he

 

 

 

Sen	came in confrontation with Devendranath Tagore. Consequently the Brahmo Samaj
	was split into the Brahmo Samaj of India under him & Adi Brahmo Samaj under
	Devendranath. He opposed child marriage but married her own minor daughter to
	Maharaja of Cooch-Behar. Hence there was a further split into Neo Brahmo Samaj
	under him & Sadharan Brahmo Samaj
Ishwar Chandra	Became principal of https://exam.pscnotes.com/sanskrit”>Sanskrit college in Calcutta. Opened the Sanskrit college for
Vidyasagar	non  Brahmin  students.  He  founded  ‘Bethune  School  at  Calcutta’  to  encourage
	female Education.
Bankim Chandra	First graduate of Calcutta University which was estd in 1857 based on the lines of
	Macaulay Minute. He became a deputy collector. Wrote the famous Bande Matram
	(Anand Math) & published Banga Darshan magazine.
Ramakrishna	Became a priest in the temple of Goddess Kali at Dakshineshwar.
Paramhamsa	(1836-86)
Swami	In 1893 he attened the Parliament of Religions at Chicago. In 1897 he established
Vivekanand	the  Ramakrishna  Mission.  His  disciple,  Sister  Nivedita  even  helped  many
(1863-1902)	revolutionaries from Bengal directly.
Swami Dayananda	Known in early life as Mul Shankar & born in Gujarat. Received his education at
1824-83	the feet of Swami Virajananda at Mathura. Founded Arya Samaj in 1875 based on
	a set of 28 principles (later 10). He estd the HQ of Arya Samaj at Lahore. Passed
	away on Diwali at Jodhpur following the mixing of glass powder in his drink.
	Through his Satyartha Prakasha he emphasized Vedas. He laid emphasis on the
	worship  of  a  formless  god  &  abandonment  of  idolatory.  He  emphasized  on
	Ashrama system of education. He stressed on swadeshi, swadharma, swabhasha &
	swarajya. He considered Vedas as infallible.
Jyotibha Phule	In  1873  he  founded  Satya  Shodhak  Samaj.  Gave  testimony  before  Hunter
	Commission against Christian missionaries. Later given the title ‘Mahatma’.
Sayyid Ahmad	In 1875 founded the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh which later
Khan	became Aligarh University. Opposed polygamy, purdah, abolition of the practice of
	easy divorce, reform in madrasa.
	Freedom Fighters
Lokmanya Tilak	Introduced the celebration of Ganesh Chaturthi & Shivaji festivals. Paticipated in
1856-1920	Home Rule Movement in 1916. Called by Britishers as ‘Biggest Traitor’ & ‘Father
	of Indian dissatisfaction’
Lala Lajpat Rai	Sher-e-Punjab. Was sent to Jail at Mandey on the charges of seditious activities.
Sri Aurobindo	His development of National education & editing of Bande Mataram (started by
Ghosh	Bipin Chandra Pal) gave momentum to Bengal partition movement. Left Baroda to
	work in the National College in Calcutta.
Chapekar Brothers	Chapekar Brothers – Damodar & Balakrishna. Killed two British officials Rand &
	Aryst. Celcbrated Shivaji & Ganesh Utsavs.
Savarkar Brothers	Ganesh  Savarkar,  Vinayak  Damodar  Savarkar  &  Narayana  Savarkar.  V.D.
	Savarkar organized the New India Association in London. Organizing lectures at
	the  India  House  founded  by  Shyamji  Krishna  Verma.  He  was  linked  to  the
	assassination  of  Jackson  at  Aurangabad.  Sentenced  to  imprisonment  in  the
	Andamans from 1911-24.
Shyamji Krishna	India  House  had  become  centre  of  V.D  Savarkar,  Sardar  Singh  Rana,  Madam
Verma	Bhikaji kama & Madan Lal Dhingra.
Madam Kama	Represented India in the Interinational Conference at Stutteguard in Germany.

 

 

 

Madan Lal	He short dead the assistant of the Secretary of State Curzon Wyllie. Gopal Krishna
Dhingra	Gokhale clled it as a heinous act meant to spoil the name of India.
Chandra Shekhar	Involved in the assassination of Saunders (officer who ordered the Lathi Charge in
Azad	which Lala Lajpat was killed), alongwith Bhagat Singh & Rajguru. He had chalked
	out a plan to blow up the train in which the Viceroy Lord Irwin was traveling. He
	was killed in a Police encounter  at Alfred Park in Allahabad.
Harkishen Talwar	Shot  the  Governor  of  Punjab  but  the  latter  escaped  with  injuries  only  Later
	Harkishen was hanged.
Bhagat Singh	In association with Chhabil Das & Yashpal he had founded the Punjab Naujavan
	Bharat Sabha.
Rani Gaidinliu	Lead the Nagas in the revolt. Yadunaga was the other leader.
Subhas Chandra	Passed  the Civils  in  1920 but  preferred to  serve  the  nationalist  cause. He  was
Bose	elected  the  Mayor  of  Calcutta  in  1923  but  soon  arrested  &  sent  to  Mandalay.
	Elected President at the Haripura session of Congress in 1938. He left for Kabul
	along with his friend Bhagat Ram. From there he went to Germany & met Hitler.
	He was first addressed as Netaji in Germany.
Udham Singh	Whilst living in England in 1940, Singh shot dead Sir Michael O’Dwyer, former
	Governor General of the Punjab.

 

Aligarh Movement	Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan
Deoband	Represented  by  Mohammad  Qasim  Nanautavi  &  Rashid  Ahmad  Gangohi.
Movement	Nanautavi founded the ‘Dar-ul-Ullema’ madrasa at Deoband. This movement was
	strictly  based  on  Islamic  tradition unlike liberal  Aligarh movement.   The  also
	promulgated a fatwa against Sayyid Ahmad’s associations. In 1919, Mufti Liyaqat
	Ullah  Sahib  founded  the,  ‘Jamaitul  Ulema-i-Hind’  to  further  work  in  this
	direction. His role was prominent in the Khilafat movement.
Muslim League	Nawab Wakar-ul-Mulk presided over a gathering at the invitation of Nawab Salim
	Ullah of Dacca. Muslim league was the result. The constitution of the league was
	prepared in 1907 at Karachi. The first session of the league was held in 1908 at
	Amritsar. The same year Aga Khan became the president. The league supported
	partition of Bengal & was a loyalist organization. After 1913 Aga Khan left the
	league which led to the emergence of new leaders like Muhammad Ali, Shaukat
	Ali & M.A. Ansari.
Home Rule League	Estd by Annie Besant at Madras in September 1916. She was the president &
	other   members   included   Arundale,   P.C.   Ramaswamy   Iyer,   V.P.   Wadia.
	Balgangadhar Tilak had estd another Home Rule League in April 1916 at Pune.
Champaran	European  planters  forced  the  farmers  to  cultivate  Indigo  on  atleast  3/20
Satyagraha 1917	(Tinkathiya) parts of their land. Rajendra Prasad, Mazhur-ul-Haq, J.B. Kriplani,
	Mahadev Desai accompanied him. An enquiry was set up to alleviate miseries of
	which even Gandhi was a member.
Kheda Satyagraha	Kheda peasants refused to pay revenue due to failure of crops. After Satyagraha

 

 

 

 

1918	the government issued instructions to collect revenue only from those who could
	afford to pay. Indulal Yagnik & Vallabh Bhai Patel supported Gandhi.
Ahmedabad Mill	Mahatma Gandhi considered 35 % increase in salary as just. He undertook a fast
Problem 1918	unto death & the strike came to an end. Ambalal Sarabhai’s sister Anasuya Behn
	was main lieutenant of Gandhi here.
Rowlatt Act	In March 1919, the Britishers passed the Rowlatt Act according to which any
	Indian could be arrested on the basis of suspicion. A nationwide satyagraha was
	organized which involved arrest of Mahatma Gandhi, Dr Satyapal, Dr. Saiffuddin
	Kitchlew & Arya Samaj leader Swami Shradhananda (shoot if you can rally).
Jallianwala Bagh	Demanded  to  know  the  whereabouts  of  Satyapal  and  Kitchlew  throught  the
Massacre	reciting of  the poem ‘Fariyad’ on the day of Baisakhi (13th  April, 1919). Martial
	law was proclaimed later at Lahore, Gujarat & Layal with curfew at Amritsar. An
	enquiry was setup under Hunter. Rabindranath Tagore renounced his title.
Khilafat Movement	Sultan of Turkey was the Caliph. The allied powers were arrayed against Turkey.
	Mulana Abul Kalam Azad, M.A. Ansari, Saiffudin Kitchlew, Maulvi Abdulbari,
	Hakim Ajmal Khan & the Ali brothers were prominent leaders. British signed the
	Treaty of Tibers, partitioned Turkey & its Sultan was made a prisoner & sent to
	Constantinople.
Non Cooperation	Approval at Congress session in 1920. Leaders like Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Annie
1920-22	Besant & Bipin Chandra Pal not in agreement & left the congress. Students took
	their names off school. Kashi Vidyapeeth, Bihar Vidyapeeth, Jamia Milia Islamia
	were set up. No Congress leader contested for https://exam.pscnotes.com/elections”>Elections. Mass demonstrations
	before  Duke  of  Connaught  &  Prince  of  wales.  Tilak  Swarajya  Fund  was
	established. Moplah rebellion was the ugly face. Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur, UP
	incidence led to its recall. Congress leaders like Motilal Nehru, Chittaranjan Das
	formed as separate group within the congress known as Swarajya Party with a
	purpose not to let the movement lapse.
AITUC	Formed  in  1920  with  Lotvala’s  help.  M.N  Roy,  Muzzafarabad  Ahmad,  S.  A
1920	Dange  &  Shaukat  Osmani  led  the  trade  unionist  movements.  The  Britishers
	leveled the kanpur/Meerut conspiracy against them.
Swaraj Party	Suspension   of   Non   Cooperation   movement   disoriented   the   Leadership.
	Chittaranjan Das & Motilal Nehru were called ‘Pro-Changers’ & did not support
	the non cooperation movement. The other group was ‘no-changers’ & included C.
	Rajgopalachari, M.A. Ansari. In 1923 Das & Nehru formed the Swaraj Party at
	Allahabad with a view to take part in the 1923 Council elections. The swaraj party
	got  clear  majority  in  the  Central  legislature  &  Provincial  legislatures  except
	Bengal. After the passing away of Chittaranjan Das in 1925 the party weakened &
	further some of the leaders became corrupt. Therefore in the election of 1926 it
	suffered miserable defeat in all the provinces except Madras.
Hindustan	Established in October 1924 in Kanpur by revolutionaries like Ramprasad Bismil,
Republic	Jogesh Chatterjee, Chandrashekhar Azad and Sachindranath Sanyal. The Kakori
Associaiton 1924	Train Action was a notable act of terrorism by this group but trial prooved to be a
	major  setback.However,  the  group  was  reorganized  under  the  leadership  of
	Chandrashekhar Azad and with members like Bhagat Singh, Bhagwati Charan
	Vohra  and  Sukhdev  on  9  and  10  September  1928-  and  the  group  was  now
	christened Hindustan Socialist  Republican  Association (HSRA).  Bhagat  Singh,
	Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged in March 1931.
Communist Party	Was declared illegal in 1934. This ban continued till 1942 when there was an

 

 

 

of India 1925	agreement that the communist will support British in the war effort & sabotage the
	Quit India Movement. In a memorandum to the Cabinet Mission in 1946, they put
	forward a plan for the division of India into 17 sovereign states.
Bardoli Satyagraha	In Bardoli district of Surat under Vallabh Bhai Patel. The government had raised
	the tax rate by 30% despite famine.
All India States	Formed  in  1926  whose  first  session  was  held  under  the  presidentship  of  the
People Conference	famous leader of Ellore, Diwan Bahadur M. Ramachandra Rai.
Simon	The purpose was the review the Act of 1919 after a gap of ten years. The 7
Commission	member commission was labeled ‘White Men Commission’. Huge demonstration
	under Govind Vallabh Pant at Lucknow & Lala Lajpat at Lahore. The report of
	Simon  Commission  was  published  in  May  1930.  It   stated  the  constitutional
	experiment  with  Dyarchy  was  unsuccessful  &  in  its  place  recommended  the
	establishment  of  autonomous  government.  It  recommended  special  powers  to
	governor  general  &  governors  to  look  after  the  interest  of  minorities,
	strengthening  the  centre,  increasing  electorate  base  on  communal  basis,
	Indianization of DEFENCE forces, delink Burma from India & Sindh from Bombay.
	The Indians rejected the report as it gave no regard to Dominion Status. It became
	a basis for the Govt of India Act 1935.
Nehru Report,	Secretary  of  State,  Lord  Birkenhead  challenged  the  Indians  to  produce  a
1928	constitution that would be acceptable to all. A meeting held at Bombay set up a 8
	member committee headed by Motilal Nehru & others included Bose, Tej Bahadur
	Sapru, Sir Ali Imam, Shahib Qureshi, Sardar Mangal Singh, MS Anney & G.R
	Pradhan.  The  report  was  placed  before  Congress  Session  in  Calcutta  in  1928
	where it was adopted unanimously. It recommended reservation for minorities
	instead of separate electorates. Jinnah & President of Central Sikh league, Sardar
	Kharak  Singh  rejected  it.  Later  Jinnah  convened  an  All  India  Conference  of
	Muslims & drew up a list of 14 point. Jawahar & Bose were not happy with the
	dominion status.
Dandi March	Reached Dandi after marching with 78 handpicked followers & formally launched
April 1930	the Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking the Salt laws. Many muslims kept
	themselves  aloof  but  in  the  NWFP  an  organization  of  Khudai  Khidmatgar
	(Servants of Gods – Red Shirts) under Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan (Frontier Gandhi)
	participated in full.
I Round table	Held under the Chairmanship of Ramsay MacDonald. Failed to resolve any issues
Conference	as it was opposed by congress.
Nov 1930
Gandhi Irwin Pact	As  per  it  Gandhi  agreed  to  suspend  the  Civil  Disobedience  Movement  &
March 1931	participate in the Second Round Table conference but most of the leaders did not
	like this pact.
II Round Table	At London. Mahatma Gandhi returned to India as no agreement could be reached.
Conference 1931	In January 1932 the civil disobedience movement was resumed.
McDonald	The British PM Ramsay MacDonald made an announcement according to which
Communal Award	the depressed classes were considered as separate community. Mahatma Gandhi
1932	went on a fast unto death in Yeravada Jail. An agreement was reached with the
	Consent of Mahatma Gandhi & Ambedkar which came to be known as ‘Poona
	Act’.  The  British  government  also  approved  it.  Accordingly  148  seats  were
	reserved in different provincial legislatures in place of 71 as per communal award.
III Round Table	The  congress  once  more  didn’t  take  part  in  it.  None  the  less  the  British

 

 

 

Conference 1932	Government issued a white paper which became basis for Govt of India Act 1935.
	Individual Civil Disobedience was launched in 1933
Congress Socialist	founded  in  1934  by  Jai  Praksh  Narain  &  Acharya  Narendra  Deva  within  the
Party 1934	Indian National Congress. Its members rejected what they saw as the Communist
	Party of India’s loyalty to the USSR as well as the anti-rational mysticism of
	Mohandas Gandhi. Although a socialist, Jawaharlal Nehru did not join the CSP.
	After independence, the CSP broke away from Congress, under the influence of JP
	Narayan and Basawon Singh (Sinha), to form the Socialist Party of India.
August Offer 1940	Envisaged that after the war a representative body of Indians would be set up to
	frame the new constitution.
Individual	Started in October 1940. In it Vinoba Bhave, Jawahar Nehru & Brahma Dutt were
Satyagraha 1940	the first 3 satyagrahis.
Cripps Mission	Viceroy  Lord  Linlithgow  expanded  is  Executive  council  by  taking  five  more
1942	Indians into it. The Indians were dissatisfied as it did not like the rights of the
	princely states to join or stay out of the Indian constitution. The demand for Pak
	also not considered leading to Muslim league rejecting the plan.
Quit India	The fear of an impending Japanese invasion Gandhi launched this campaign. In
Movement	the midst the government arrested all Indian leaders – Gandhi at Poona, others at
1942-44	Ahmadnagar fort. Rajendra Prasad was interned in Patna. The Congress Socialist
	Party  whith  its  leaders  like  Ram  Manohar  Lohia,  Achyuta  Patwardhan  played
	important role. Communist Party remained loyal to the British. The Muslims by &
	large remained indifferent.
INA	Captain Mohan Singh founded it in 1942. In 1943 he reached Singapore & gave a
	the cry of ‘Dilli Chalo’. He was made the president of the Indian Independence
	League.  The  name  of  the  brigades  were  Subhash,  Gandhi,  Nehru  &  Rani
	Lakshmibai. In Nov 1943, Japan handed over Andamans & Nicobar Islands to
	him. He named  them Shaheed Island & Swaraj Island respectively. The army
	marched towards imphal after registering victory over Kohima. But later Japan
	accepted defeat & Subhas died in a plain crash after crossing Formosa Island.
C.R. Formula 1944	To resolve the constitutional impasse Rajagopalachari evolved a formula in March
	1944. But it was rejected by Jinnah who would not settle without Pakistan.
Wavell Plan &	The main provisions were akin to Cripps mission proposals. It essentially dealt
Shimla Conference	with  the  Indian  demand  of  self-rule  &  reconstitution  of  viceroy’s  executive
1945	council  giving  a  balanced  representation  to  the  major  communities.  Executive
	council  was  an  interim  arrangement  in  which  all  but  the  Viceory  &  the
	Commander in Chief were to be Indians & all portfolios except defence were to be
	held by Indian members. Conference broke down because of Jinnah’s insistence
	that Muslim league alone represented Indian Muslims & hence no non league
	muslim members could be nominated to viceroy’s council.
Cabinet Mission	Pathick Lawrence (secretary of state for India), Stafford Cripps & A.B. Alexander.
1946	Jinnah stuck his demand for Pakistan. It proposed the formation of Union of India
	comprising  both  British  India  &  princely  states  (only  foreign,  defence  &
	Communication).  A  constitutional  assembly  was  to  be  formed  consisting  of
	representatives of Provincial assemblies & princely states, elected on communal
	basis in proportion to the Population of each province. Envisaged interim govt &
	said that until the constitution is framed & the govt estd British forces will not
	withdraw. The Congress & Muslim league accepted it in June 1946.
Elections	Following cabinet mission elections were held. Congress secured 205 out of 214

 

 

 

		general seats & had support of 4 sikh members. The Muslim league got 73 out of
		78  Muslim  seats.  Jinnah  became  greatly  disturbed  by  the  election  results.  He
		demanded separate constituent assembly & started instigating violent action. Later
		16  August  1946  was  fixed  as  direct  action  day to withdraw its  acceptance  of
		cabinet  mission  plan.  Communal  riots  broke  out  in  Bengal,  United  Province,
		Punjab, Sindh & NWFP. Interim government was formed with Jawahar Nehru as
		head& 14 members – 6 congress, 5 League, one each Christian, Sikh & Parsi.
		However Muslim league kept out of the Interim government.
INA Trails		Held at Red Fort in Delhi. Nehru, Bhulabhai Desai, Tejbahadur Sapru fought the
		case on behalf of three senior INA officers, Shahnawaz khan, P.M. Sehgal & G.S.
		Gurudayal Dhillon led to their acquittal.
RIN Mutiny 1946		Indians serving in the Royal INDIAN NAVY mutined. Around 5000 naval ratings put
		up INA badges.
Mountbatten Plan		Mountbatten came to India as Viceroy. He put forth the plan of partition of India
		in 3 June 1947. Punjab & Bengla would be divided into two parts with muslim &
		non muslim majority. Baluchistan had the right to determine which side to join.
		The power would be transferred on 15 August 1947. Referendum were to be held
		in NWFP, Sylhet (to join Assam or East Bengal). Legislative assembly of Sindh
		was to decide whether to join India or not.
Indian Independece		The British Parliament passed the Indian Independence act on 18th    July 1947.
Act 1947		Partition on 15th  August. The act provided separate governor generals for the two
		dominions.  Abolition  of  the  post  of  secretary  of  state  for  India.   Pending  the
		adoption  of  new  constitution,  the  administration  of  the  two  dominions  &  the
		provinces  would  be  carried  on  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the
		government of India act 1935 though special powers of the Governor General &
		the  Provincial  governors  would  be  ceased.  Jinnah  became  the  first  governor
		general of Pakistan.
Unification Drive		On 5th July 1947, Vallabhbhai Patel appealed to the Indian provinces to handover.
		He followed up his appeal with a hurricane tour of 40 days in which he invited all
		the native princes to join the Indian union by 5th  August. In Kashmir Hari Singh
		sent  his  PM  Meharchand  Mahajan  with  the  signed  papers  for  the  merger.  In
		Hyderabad  the  nawab  wanted  to  continue  his  arbitary  rule  with  the  help  of
		Rajakars. Finally after military action, Rajakars were expelled & the instrument of
		accession signed.
Pondicherry & Goa		The  other  French  territories  were  Karaikal,  Mahe,Yanam  &  Chanderinagore.
		Chanderinagore had acceded to India on the basis of a plebiscite. In 1954 all the
		French possession in India were formally handed over to India though the legal
		transfer took place in 1962. Operation ‘Vijay’ was carried out for the liberation of
		Goa when satyagraha failed in 1961. It became a state in 1987.